A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire.
• Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire.
• Abd ar-Rahman III becomes the eighth Emir of Córdoba.
• King Otto I defeats a Slavic revolt in what is now Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
• The Council of Vienne convenes for the first time.
• Jadwiga is crowned King of Poland, although she is a woman.[citation needed]
• Prince Gesualdo of Venosa murders his wife and her lover.[citation needed]
• Mathematician William Whiston's predicted comet fails to strike the Earth.
• American Revolutionary War: The British-led Royalton raid is the last Native American raid on New England.
• The Great Hurricane of 1780 finishes after its sixth day, killing between 20,000 and 24,000 residents of the Lesser Antilles.
• French Revolution: Queen Marie Antoinette is executed.
• War of the First Coalition: French victory at the Battle of Wattignies forces Austria to raise the siege of Maubeuge.
• War of the Third Coalition: Napoleon surrounds the Austrian army at Ulm.
• The Sixth Coalition attacks Napoleon in the three-day Battle of Leipzig.

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• Following the death of Harold II at the Battle of Hastings, Edgar the Ætheling is proclaimed King of England by the Witan; he is never crowned, and concedes power to William the Conqueror two months later.
• Battle of the Rhyndacus: The Latin emperor Henry of Flanders defeats the Nicaean emperor Theodore I Laskaris.
• The Siege of Vienna ends when Austria routs the invading Ottoman forces, ending its European expansion.
• Adoption of the Gregorian calendar begins, eventually leading to near-universal adoption.
• The Montgolfier brothers' hot air balloon makes the first human ascent, piloted by Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier.
• Queen Marie Antoinette of France is tried and convicted of treason.
• The Viceroy the Río de la Plata, Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros, opens the port of Buenos Aires to trade with nations other than Spain.
• Napoleon begins his exile on Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.
• American Civil War: The H. L. Hunley, the first submarine to sink a ship, sinks, killing its inventor.
• American Civil War: The Union garrison of Glasgow, Missouri surrenders to Confederate forces.

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• The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings.
• Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's independence.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, goes on trial for conspiracy against Queen Elizabeth I of England.
• The General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony enacts the first punitive legislation against the Religious Society of Friends.
• Seven Years' War: Frederick the Great suffers a rare defeat at the Battle of Hochkirch.
• The first recorded ministry of education, the Commission of National Education, is formed in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• American Revolution: The First Continental Congress denounces the British Parliament's Intolerable Acts and demands British concessions.
• War of the Third Coalition: A French corps defeats an Austrian attempt to escape encirclement at Ulm.
• War of the Fourth Coalition: Napoleon decisively defeats Prussia at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt.
• The Republic of Ragusa is annexed by France.
• Irish nationalist Daniel O'Connell is arrested by the British on charges of criminal conspiracy.
• American Civil War: Confederate troops under the command of A. P. Hill fail to drive the Union Army completely out of Virginia.
• George Eastman receives a U.S. Government patent on his new paper-strip photographic film.
• Louis Le Prince films the first motion picture, Roundhay Garden Scene.
• The steam ship SS Mohegan sinks near the Lizard peninsula, Cornwall, killing 106.

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• Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina.
• Vandals and Alans cross the Pyrenees and appear in Hispania.
• The present church building at Westminster Abbey is consecrated.
• Hundreds of the Knights Templar in France are arrested at dawn by King Philip the Fair, and later confess under torture to heresy.
• Rinchinbal Khan becomes the Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of the Yuan dynasty, reigning for only 53 days.
• Coronation of Henry IV of England at Westminster Abbey.
• A Swedish-Dutch fleet defeats the Danish fleet at Fehmarn and captures about 1,000 prisoners.
• Port Royal, the capital of French Acadia, falls in a siege by British forces.
• The Continental Congress establishes the Continental Navy (predecessor of the United States Navy).
• In Washington, D.C., the cornerstone of the United States Executive Mansion (known as the White House since 1818) is laid.
• French Revolutionary Wars: Austro-Prussian victory over Republican France at the First Battle of Wissembourg.
• War of 1812: Sir Isaac Brock's British and native forces repel an invasion of Canada by General Rensselaer's United States forces.
• The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire is publicly proclaimed.
• In New York City, B'nai B'rith, the oldest Jewish service organization in the world, is founded.

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• Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed by an alliance under Penda of Mercia and Cadwallon of Gwynedd.
• The Nichiren Shōshū branch of Buddhism is founded in Japan.
• In the Treaty of Salynas, Lithuania cedes Samogitia to the Teutonic Knights.
• Chen Yanxiang, the only person from Indonesia known to have visited dynastic Korea, reaches Seoul after having set out from Java four months before.
• Christopher Columbus's first expedition makes landfall in the Caribbean, specifically on San Salvador Island. (Julian calendar)
• The Delft Explosion devastates the city in the Netherlands, killing more than 100 people.
• The Salem witch trials are ended by a letter from Province of Massachusetts Bay Governor William Phips.
• The cornerstone of Old East, the oldest state university building in the United States, is laid at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
• Flemish and Luxembourgish peasants launch the rebellion against French rule known as the Peasants' War.
• Jeanne Geneviève Labrosse becomes the first woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute.
• The citizens of Munich hold the first Oktoberfest in celebration of the marriage of Crown Prince Louis of Bavaria and Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen.
• Pedro I of Brazil is proclaimed the emperor.

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• A massive earthquake strikes Aleppo; it is one of the most destructive earthquakes ever.
• A peace treaty ends the Jin-Song wars.
• The peerage and clergy restrict the authority of English kings with the Ordinances of 1311.
• The New Netherland Company applies to the States General of the Netherlands for exclusive trading rights in what is now the northeastern United States.
• The Burchardi flood kills around 15,000 in North Friesland, Denmark and Germany.
• Cromwell's New Model Army sacks Wexford, killing over 2,000 Irish Confederate troops and 1,500 civilians.
• Surveying for the Mason-Dixon line separating Maryland from Pennsylvania is completed.
• The Royal Navy decisively defeats the Batavian Navy at Camperdown during the French Revolutionary Wars.
• The Juliana begins operation as the first steam-powered ferry in New York harbor.
• The Maronite leader Bashir Shihab II surrenders to the Ottoman Empire and later is sent to Malta in exile.
• The University of Sydney, Australia's oldest university, is inaugurated in Sydney.
• American Civil War: Confederate troops conduct a raid on Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.
• Hundreds of black men and women march in Jamaica, starting the Morant Bay rebellion.

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• Sten Sture the Elder, the Regent of Sweden, with the help of farmers and miners, repels an attack by King Christian I of Denmark.
• The crew of Christopher Columbus's ship, the Santa Maria, attempt a mutiny.
• Roman Catholic forces under Henry I, Duke of Guise, defeat the Protestants, capturing Philippe de Mornay among others.
• Over 600 Papal troops land in Ireland to support the Second Desmond Rebellion.
• Thirty Years' War: An army of the Electorate of Saxony seizes Prague.
• In a treaty with the Dutch colonial authorities, the Ndyuka people of Suriname – descended from escaped slaves – gain territorial autonomy.
• The Great Hurricane of 1780 kills 20,000-30,000 in the Caribbean.
• War of 1812: The United States Revenue Marine attempts to defend the cutter Eagle from the Royal Navy.
• In Annapolis, Maryland, the Naval School (later the United States Naval Academy) opens with 50 students.
• Triton, the largest moon of the planet Neptune, is discovered by English astronomer William Lassell.
• The Ten Years' War begins against Spanish rule in Cuba.

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• Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned kings of the Franks.
• James I of Aragon founds the Kingdom of Valencia.
• The first known mention of the Prague astronomical clock.
• The Hangul alphabet is published in Korea.
• Troops of the Portuguese Empire are defeated on Sri Lanka, bringing an end to the Campaign of Danture.
• Kepler's Supernova is the most recent supernova to be observed within the Milky Way.
• Roger Williams is banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony after religious and policy disagreements.
• The Collegiate School of Connecticut (later renamed Yale University) is chartered in Old Saybrook.
• Peter the Great defeats the Swedes at the Battle of Lesnaya.
• Dutch colonists and Javanese natives begin a massacre of the ethnic Chinese population in Batavia, eventually killing at least 10,000.
• Seven Years' War: Russian and Austrian troops briefly occupy Berlin.
• HMS Lutine sinks with the loss of 240 men and a cargo worth £1,200,000.
• Hobart, capital of Tasmania, is founded.
• Prussia begins the War of the Fourth Coalition against France.

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• Constantine I defeats Roman Emperor Licinius, who loses his European territories.
• The first session of the Council of Chalcedon begins.
• Frankish forces led by Louis the Younger prevent a West Frankish invasion and defeat emperor Charles II ("the Bald").
• Dmitar Zvonimir is crowned King of Croatia.
• Isabella of Angoulême is crowned Queen consort of England.
• Mladen II Šubić of Bribir is deposed as the Croatian Ban after the Battle of Bliska.
• The Great Stand on the Ugra River puts an end to Tartar rule over Moscow
• End of the Spanish siege of Alkmaar, the first Dutch victory in the Eighty Years' War.
• Jeanne Mance opens the first lay hospital of North America in Montreal.
• The Treaty of Ried is signed between Bavaria and Austria.
• The Peruvian Navy is established during the War of Independence.

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• Venetian-Genoese wars: The Genoese fleet under a French admiral is defeated by a Venetian fleet at the Battle of Modon.
• Uppsala University is inaugurated after receiving its corporate rights from Pope Sixtus IV in February the same year.
• War of the League of Cambrai: Spain defeats Venice.
• The Battle of Lepanto is fought, and the Ottoman Navy suffers its first defeat.
• The charter for the Province of Massachusetts Bay is issued.
• King George III issues the Royal Proclamation of 1763, closing Indigenous lands in North America north and west of the Alleghenies to white settlements.
• American Revolutionary War: The Americans defeat the British in the Second Battle of Saratoga, also known as the Battle of Bemis Heights.
• American Revolutionary War: American militia defeat royalist irregulars led by British major Patrick Ferguson in South Carolina.
• French corsair Robert Surcouf, commander of the 18-gun ship La Confiance, captures the British 38-gun Kent.
• The Granite Railway begins operations as the first chartered railway in the U.S.
• Morea expedition: The city of Patras, Greece, is liberated by the French expeditionary force.
• Willem II becomes King of the Netherlands.
• American Civil War: A US Navy ship captures a Confederate raider in a Brazilian seaport.

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