A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Theophilos succeeds his father Michael II as Byzantine Emperor.
• Battle of Andernach: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition of Eberhard of Franconia and other Frankish dukes.
• The Battle of Largs is fought between Norwegians and Scots.
• The Earl of Warwick's rebellion forces King Edward IV of England to flee to the Netherlands, restoring Henry VI to the throne.
• Russo-Kazan Wars: Russian troops enter Kazan.
• American Revolutionary War: John André, a British Army officer, is hanged as a spy by the Continental Army.
• The United States Bill of Rights is sent to the various States for ratification.
• Texas Revolution: Mexican troops attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.
• American Civil War: Confederates defeat a Union attack on Saltville, Virginia. A massacre of wounded Union prisoners ensues.
• By plebiscite, the citizens of the Papal States accept annexation by the Kingdom of Italy.
• The "Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God", commonly known as Opus Dei, is founded.

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• Pope Damasus I is consecrated.
• Edgar the Peaceful becomes king of all England, in succession to Eadwig.
• Pope John XIII is consecrated.
• Coronation of Queen Mary I of England.
• Coronation of Shah Abbas I of Persia.
• Ahmed III is forced to abdicate as the Ottoman sultan.
• The city of Tampere, Finland (belonging to Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav III of Sweden.
• Russians under Alexander Suvorov defeat the Turks at Kinburn.
• First session of the French Legislative Assembly.
• More than a year after the Battle of Sprimont, the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium) are officially annexed by Revolutionary France.
• Via the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain cedes Louisiana to France, which would sell the land to the United States thirty months later.
• Opening of the Congress of Vienna, intended to redraw Europe's political map after the defeat of Napoleon the previous spring.
• Russo-Persian War: The Russian army under Ivan Paskevich storms Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination of Armenia.
• South African College is founded in Cape Town, South Africa. It will later separate into the University of Cape Town and the South African College Schools.

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• The Ostrogoths under Theoderic the Great defeat the forces of Odoacer for the second time.
• The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, follow them south of the Oxus, and capture their baggage train.
• A magnitude 7.7 earthquake strikes the Caucasus mountains in the Seljuk Empire, causing mass destruction and killing up to 300,000 people.
• Henry IV is proclaimed king of England.
• Suleiman the Magnificent is proclaimed sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
• Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto and his forces enter Tula territory in present-day western Arkansas, encountering fierce resistance.
• A coup by the military establishment of Japan's Ōuchi clan forces their lord to commit suicide, and their city is burned.
• War of the Austrian Succession: France and Spain defeat Sardinia at the Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo, but soon have to withdraw from Sardinia anyway.
• The first performance of Mozart's opera The Magic Flute takes place two months before his death.
• France's National Constituent Assembly is dissolved, to be replaced the next day by the National Legislative Assembly.
• Thomas Edison's first commercial hydroelectric power plant (later known as Appleton Edison Light Company) begins operation.
• Jack the Ripper kills his third and fourth victims, Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes.
• The Royal Galician Academy, the Galician language's biggest linguistic authority, starts working in La Coruña, Spain.
• The McKinley National Memorial, the final resting place of assassinated U.S. President William McKinley and his family, is dedicated in Canton, Ohio.
• The Cunard Line's RMS Mauretania makes a record-breaking westbound crossing of the Atlantic, that will not be bettered for 20 years.

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• Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury, as a prisoner.
• Investiture Controversy: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, is excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX for his failure to participate in the Crusades.
• The Treaty of Montgomery recognises Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as Prince of Wales, but only as a vassal of King Henry III.
• Hundred Years' War: English forces defeat the French in Brittany, ending the War of the Breton Succession.
• Spanish colonization of the Americas: Tegucigalpa, capital city of Honduras, is claimed by the Spaniards.
• The Great Hatred: The Cossacks of the Russian Empire killed about 800 people overnight in Hailuoto.
• An earthquake strikes Antigua Guatemala, destroying much of the city's architecture.
• The United States Department of War first establishes a regular army with a strength of several hundred men.
• The 1st United States Congress adjourns.
• The Metropolitan Police of London, later also known as the Met, is founded.
• The Battle of Pákozd is a stalemate between Hungarian and Croatian forces, and is the first battle of the Hungarian Revolution.
• The papal bull Universalis Ecclesiae restores the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales.
• The Philippine port of Iloilo is opened to world trade by the Spanish administration.
• American Civil War: The Battle of Chaffin's Farm is fought.

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• Pope Pontian resigns. He is exiled to the mines of Sardinia, along with Hippolytus of Rome.
• Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius.
• Roman usurper Procopius bribes two legions passing by Constantinople, and proclaims himself emperor.
• Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia is murdered by a group of nobles led by his brother Boleslaus I, who succeeds him.
• Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia, kills most members of the rival Slavník dynasty.
• William the Conqueror lands in England, beginning the Norman conquest.
• King Henry I of England defeats his brother Robert Curthose at the Battle of Tinchebray.
• King James I of Aragon conquers Valencia from the Moors. Shortly thereafter, he proclaims himself king of Valencia.
• Ottoman-Venetian War: The Ottoman Navy scores a decisive victory over a Holy League fleet in the Battle of Preveza.
• Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo of Portugal arrives at what is now San Diego, California. He is the first European in California.

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• William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
• The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order. The Poles are defeated but their leaders escape capture.
• After the brief Gollub War, the Teutonic Knights sign the Treaty of Melno with Poland and Lithuania.
• The Siege of Vienna begins when Suleiman I attacks the city.
• The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) receives its charter from Pope Paul III.
• The death of Pope Urban VII, 13 days after being chosen as the Pope, ends the shortest papal reign in history.
• The armies of Sweden are defeated by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Battle of Kircholm.
• The Venetians surrender the fortress of Candia to the Ottomans, thus ending the 21-year-long Siege of Candia.
• American Revolution: Lancaster, Pennsylvania becomes the capital of the United States for one day after Congress evacuates Philadelphia.
• The National Assembly of France votes to award full citizenship to Jews.
• The Army of the Three Guarantees triumphantly enters Mexico City, led by Agustín de Iturbide. The following day Mexico is declared independent.
• Jean-François Champollion officially informs the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in France that he has deciphered the Rosetta Stone.
• The world's first public railway to use steam locomotives, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, is ceremonially opened.

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• Ragenfrid defeats Theudoald at the Battle of Compiègne.
• William II is crowned King of England, and reigns until 1100.
• The Golden Bull of Sicily is issued to confirm the hereditary royal title in Bohemia for the Přemyslid dynasty.
• Friso-Hollandic Wars: Frisians defeat Holland in the Battle of Warns.
• Serbian-Turkish wars: Ottoman Turks fought against a Serbian army at the Battle of Maritsa.
• Pope Alexander VI issues the papal bull Dudum siquidem to the Spanish, extending the grant of new lands he made them in Inter caetera.
• Francis Drake finishes his circumnavigation of the Earth in Plymouth, England.
• Morean War: The Parthenon in Athens, used as a gunpowder depot by the Ottoman garrison, is partially destroyed after being bombarded during the Siege of the Acropolis by Venetian forces.
• The city council of Amsterdam votes to support William of Orange's invasion of England, which became the Glorious Revolution.
• American Revolution: British troops occupy Philadelphia.
• George Washington appoints Thomas Jefferson the first United States Secretary of State.
• War of the 2nd Coalition: Franco-Swiss troops defeat Austro-Russian forces, leading to the collapse of Suvorov's campaign.
• A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates, and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne.

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• For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus.
• Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate.
• In the Battle of Stamford Bridge, Harald Hardrada, the invading King of Norway, is defeated by King Harold II of England.
• England and Scotland sign the Treaty of York, establishing the location of their common border.
• Ottoman Emperor Bayezid I defeats a Christian army at the Battle of Nicopolis.
• Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches what would become known as the Pacific Ocean.
• The Peace of Augsburg is signed by Emperor Charles V and the princes of the Schmalkaldic League.
• Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick, the first newspaper to appear in the Americas, is published for the first and only time.
• Unification of Nepal
• American Revolution: Ethan Allen surrenders to British forces after attempting to capture Montreal during the Battle of Longue-Pointe.

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• Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agree to the Concordat of Worms to put an end to the Investiture Controversy.
• The Battle of Arnemuiden, in which a French force defeats the English, is the first naval battle of the Hundred Years' War and the first naval battle in which gunpowder artillery is used.
• The Battle of Kherlen is the second significant victory over Ming dynasty China by the Mongols since 1368.
• The Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Wars of the Roses, is won by the Yorkists.
• King Philip II of Spain issues cedula, ordering halt to colonizing efforts in Florida.
• The Merchant Royal, carrying a treasure of over 100,000 pounds of gold (worth over £1 billion today), is lost at sea off Land's End.
• The first commencement exercises occur at Harvard College.
• American Revolution: John Paul Jones, naval commander of the United States, on board the USS Bonhomme Richard, wins the Battle of Flamborough Head.
• American Revolution: British Major John André is arrested as a spy by American soldiers exposing Benedict Arnold's change of sides.
• Second Anglo-Maratha War: The Battle of Assaye is fought between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India.
• Lewis and Clark return to St. Louis after exploring the Pacific Northwest of the United States.

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• The warlord Zhu Quanzhong kills Emperor Zhaozong, the penultimate emperor of the Tang dynasty, after seizing control of the imperial government.
• The Samogitians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in the Battle of Saule.
• The Treaty of Basel concludes the Swabian War.
• The Battle of Zutphen is a Spanish victory over the English and Dutch.
• The last hanging of those convicted of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials; others are all eventually released.
• The Tuscarora War begins in present-day North Carolina.
• George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz are crowned King and Queen, respectively, of the Kingdom of Great Britain.
• Nathan Hale is hanged for spying during the American Revolution.
• The office of United States Postmaster General is established.
• Battle of Rymnik: Alexander Suvorov's Russian and allied army defeats superior Ottoman Empire forces.
• Primidi Vendémiaire of year one of the French Republican Calendar as the French First Republic comes into being.
• Joseph Smith claims to have found the golden plates after being directed by God through the Angel Moroni to the place where they were buried.
• The Russian warship Lefort capsizes and sinks during a storm in the Gulf of Finland, killing all 826 aboard.
• A preliminary version of the Emancipation Proclamation is released by Abraham Lincoln.

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