A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hundred years.
• Isaac II Angelos kills Stephen Hagiochristophorites and then appeals to the people, resulting in the revolt that deposes Andronikos I Komnenos and places Isaac on the throne of the Byzantine Empire.
• Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots jointly led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray defeat the English.
• Lithuanian Civil War (1389-92): The Teutonic Knights begin a five-week siege of Vilnius.
• Santiago, Chile, is attacked by indigenous warriors, led by Michimalonco, to free eight indigenous chiefs held captive by the Spaniards.
• Ottoman forces retreat from Malta ending the Great Siege of Malta.
• Henry Hudson arrives on Manhattan Island and meets the indigenous people living there.
• Siege of Drogheda ends: Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian troops take the town and execute its garrison.
• Battle of Vienna: Coalition forces, including the famous winged Hussars, led by Polish King John III Sobieski lift the siege laid by Ottoman forces.
• Battle of Zenta: a major engagement in the Great Turkish War (1683-1699) and one of the most decisive defeats in Ottoman history.
• Charles XII of Sweden stops his march to conquer Moscow outside Smolensk, marking the turning point in the Great Northern War. The army is defeated nine months later in the Battle of Poltava, and the Swedish Empire ceases to be a major power.
• Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, Netherlands, and Austria fight against France.

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• The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
• John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France.
• An earthquake known as "The Lesser Judgment Day" hits Constantinople.
• Thomas Wolsey is invested as a Cardinal.
• The Battle of Pinkie, the last full-scale military confrontation between England and Scotland, resulting in a decisive victory for the forces of Edward VI.
• Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima: Takeda Shingen defeats Uesugi Kenshin in the climax of their ongoing conflicts.
• German pirate Klein Henszlein and 33 of his crew are beheaded in Hamburg.
• Edward Maria Wingfield ousted as first president of the governing council of the Colony of Virginia; he is replaced by John Ratcliffe.
• John Smith is elected council president of Jamestown, Virginia.
• American Revolutionary War: Nathan Hale volunteers to spy for the Continental Army.
• At the Battle of St. George's Caye, British Honduras defeats Spain.
• The United States defeats a British Fleet at the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812.
• Elias Howe is granted a patent for the sewing machine.

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• Arminius' alliance of six Germanic tribes ambushes and annihilates three Roman legions of Publius Quinctilius Varus in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
• Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti.
• A Byzantine army of 15,000 men under Belisarius lands at Caput Vada (modern Tunisia) and marches to Carthage.
• Yelü Dashi, the Liao dynasty general who founded the Qara Khitai, defeats the Seljuq and Kara-Khanid forces at the Battle of Qatwan.
• In the Battle of Saint George, the Byzantines under Andronikos Asen ambush and defeat the forces of the Principality of Achaea, securing possession of Arcadia.
• Anne becomes sovereign Duchess of Brittany, becoming a central figure in the struggle for influence that leads to the union of Brittany and France.
• Christopher Columbus, with 17 ships and 1,200 men, sails on second voyage from Cadiz.

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• Battle of Huoyi: Li Yuan defeats a Sui dynasty army, opening the path to his capture of the imperial capital Chang'an and the eventual establishment of the Tang dynasty.
• Election of Antipope Theodoric.
• Philip of Swabia, Prince of Hohenstaufen, is crowned King of Germany (King of the Romans)
• Pope Innocent IV canonises Stanislaus of Szczepanów, killed by king Bolesław II.
• The Statute of Kalisz, guaranteeing Jews safety and personal liberties and giving battei din jurisdiction over Jewish matters, is promulgated by Bolesław the Pious, Duke of Greater Poland.
• Pope John XXI is elected Pope.
• Stefan Dušan declares himself king of Serbia.
• Battle of Kulikovo: Russian forces defeat a mixed army of Tatars and Mongols, stopping their advance.
• Michelangelo's David is unveiled in Piazza della Signoria in Florence.
• Battle of Orsha: In one of the biggest battles of the century, Lithuanians and Poles defeat the Russian army.
• Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation: Victoria arrives at Seville, technically completing the first circumnavigation.
• St. Augustine, Florida is founded by Spanish admiral and Florida's first governor, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés.
• The Knights of Malta lift the Ottoman siege of Malta that began on May 18.

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• A Roman army under Titus occupies and plunders Jerusalem.
• Louis the Stammerer is crowned as king of West Francia by Pope John VIII.
• Pope Alexander III is chosen.
• Third Crusade: Battle of Arsuf: Richard I of England defeats Saladin at Arsuf.
• Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II lands in Acre, Israel, and starts the Sixth Crusade, which results in a peaceful restoration of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
• Guillaume de Nogaret takes Pope Boniface VIII prisoner on behalf of Philip IV of France.
• Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, is arrested for his role in the Ridolfi plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots.
• The city of Boston, Massachusetts is founded.

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• Battle of the Frigidus: Roman emperor Theodosius I defeats and kills Eugenius the usurper. His Frankish magister militum Arbogast escapes but commits suicide two days later.
• Christopher Columbus sails from La Gomera in the Canary Islands, his final port of call before crossing the Atlantic Ocean for the first time.
• The Victoria returns to Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain, the only surviving ship of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition and the first known ship to circumnavigate the world.
• The Pilgrims sail from Plymouth, England on the Mayflower to settle in North America. (Old Style date; September 16 per New Style date.)
• Thirty Years' War: In the Battle of Nördlingen, the Catholic Imperial army defeats Swedish and German Protestant forces.
• England's Long Parliament bans public stage-plays.
• British scientist John Dalton begins using symbols to represent the atoms of different elements.
• American Civil War: Confederate forces evacuate Battery Wagner and Morris Island in South Carolina.
• Louisa Ann Swain of Laramie, Wyoming becomes the first woman in the United States to cast a vote legally after 1807.
• Eastern Rumelia declares its union with Bulgaria, thus accomplishing Bulgarian unification.

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• Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu.
• Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava
• Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry IV of France to lift the siege of Paris.
• A hurricane has overrun a Spanish fleet bound from Havana to Cadiz and sunk the price galleon Atocha. Only 5 men were rescued, but 260 passengers and 200 million pessos were buried with the Atocha under 50 feet of water.
• Fall of Nicolas Fouquet: Louis XIV's Superintendent of Finances is arrested in Nantes by D'Artagnan, captain of the king's musketeers.
• Great Fire of London ends: Ten thousand buildings, including Old St Paul's Cathedral, are destroyed, but only six people are known to have died.
• War of the Grand Alliance : A French warship commanded by Captain Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville defeated an English squadron at the Battle of Hudson's Bay.
• In an effort to Westernize his nobility, Tsar Peter I of Russia imposes a tax on beards for all men except the clergy and peasantry.
• Wedding of Louis XV and Maria Leszczyńska.
• First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia.
• Battle of the Chesapeake in the American Revolutionary War: The British Navy is repelled by the French Navy, contributing to the British surrender at Yorktown.
• French Revolution: The French National Convention initiates the Reign of Terror.
• Conscription is made mandatory in France by the Jourdan law.
• War of 1812: The Siege of Fort Wayne begins when Chief Winamac's forces attack two soldiers returning from the fort's outhouses.

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• Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus ending the Western Roman Empire.
• Li Shimin, posthumously known as Emperor Taizong of Tang, assumes the throne over the Tang dynasty of China.
• Battle of Lenzen: Slavic forces (the Redarii and the Obotrites) are defeated by a Saxon army near the fortified stronghold of Lenzen in Brandenburg.
• The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of Manfred, King of Sicily, defeat the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti.
• Peter III of Aragon becomes the King of Sicily.
• The Treaty of Alcáçovas is signed by the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon on one side and Afonso V and his son, Prince John of Portugal.
• The Flight of the Earls takes place in Ireland.
• In London, England, the most destructive damage from the Great Fire occurs.
• New Caledonia is first sighted by Europeans, during the second voyage of Captain James Cook.
• Los Angeles is founded as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora La Reina de los Ángeles (The Village of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels) by 44 Spanish settlers.
• Coup of 18 Fructidor in France.
• The French garrison in Valletta surrenders to British troops who had been called at the invitation of the Maltese. The islands of Malta and Gozo become the Malta Protectorate.

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• San Marino, one of the smallest nations in the world and the world's oldest republic still in existence, is founded by Saint Marinus.
• King Wamba of the Visigoths puts down a revolt by Hilderic, governor of Nîmes (France) and rival for the throne.
• Major Byzantine victory at the Battle of Lalakaon against an Arab raid.
• Richard I of England (a.k.a. Richard "the Lionheart") is crowned at Westminster.
• The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.
• At the congress of Visegrád Charles I of Hungary mediates a reconciliation between two neighboring monarchs, John of Bohemia and Casimir III of Poland.
• The Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.
• Victory over the royalists in the Battle of Dunbar opens the way to Edinburgh for the New Model Army in the Third English Civil War.
• The Battle of Worcester is the last significant action in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
• The death of Oliver Cromwell; Richard Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England.

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• The Treaty of Jaffa is signed between Richard I of England and Saladin, leading to the end of the Third Crusade.
• Entry of Mary, Queen of Scots into Edinburgh, a spectacular civic celebration for the Queen of Scotland, marred by religious controversy.
• The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.
• The Great Fire of London breaks out and burns for three days, destroying 10,000 buildings, including Old St Paul's Cathedral.
• Great Britain, along with its overseas possessions, adopts the Gregorian calendar.
• The United States Department of the Treasury is founded.
• During what became known as the September Massacres of the French Revolution, rampaging mobs slaughter three Roman Catholic bishops, more than two hundred priests, and prisoners believed to be royalist sympathizers.
• A massive landslide destroys the town of Goldau, Switzerland, killing 457.
• Napoleonic Wars: The British Royal Navy bombards Copenhagen with fire bombs and phosphorus rockets to prevent Denmark from surrendering its fleet to Napoleon.
• The Carrington Event is the strongest geomagnetic storm on record.
• American Civil War: United States President Abraham Lincoln reluctantly restores Union General George B. McClellan to full command after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run.
• American Civil War: Union forces enter Atlanta, a day after the Confederate defenders flee the city, ending the Atlanta Campaign.

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