• Fourth Council of Toledo takes place.
• Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona is assassinated.
• Emir Edigu of Golden Horde reaches Moscow.
• Pope Innocent VIII issues the Summis desiderantes affectibus, a papal bull that deputizes Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger as inquisitors to root out alleged witchcraft in Germany.
• King Manuel I of Portugal issues a decree ordering the expulsion of Jewish "heretics" from the country.
• Charles IX becomes king of France.
• Sir Francis Drake, after sailing through Strait of Magellan raids Valparaiso.
• The town of Raahe (Swedish: Brahestad) was founded by Count Per Brahe the Younger.
• Seven Years' War: Battle of Leuthen: Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine.
• In London, auctioneer James Christie holds his first sale.
• At Fort Ticonderoga, Henry Knox begins his historic transport of artillery to Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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• American Revolutionary War: USS Alfred becomes the first vessel to fly the Grand Union Flag (the precursor to the Stars and Stripes); the flag is hoisted by John Paul Jones.
• War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Wiesloch: Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal Anton Sztáray defeats the French at Wiesloch.
• War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden: French General Jean Victor Marie Moreau decisively defeats the Archduke John of Austria near Munich. Coupled with First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte's earlier victory at Marengo, this will force the Austrians to sign an armistice and end the war.
• United States presidential election: The Electoral College casts votes for president and vice president that resulted in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.
• Illinois becomes the 21st U.S. state.
• The Zollverein (German Customs Union) begins the first regular census in Germany.
• Battle of the Eureka Stockade: More than 20 gold miners at Ballarat, Victoria, are killed by state troopers in an uprising over mining licences.
• The first issue of Tamperean daily newspaper Aamulehti ("Morning Paper") is published.
• The Duquesne Country and Athletic Club defeats an all-star collection of early football players 16-0, in what is considered to be the very first all-star game for professional American football.
• In a State of the Union message, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a 20,000-word speech to the House of Representatives asking Congress to curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits".
• The Jovian moon Himalia is discovered by Charles Dillon Perrine at California's Lick Observatory.
• Modern neon lighting is first demonstrated by Georges Claude at the Paris Motor Show.

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• Pope Innocent IV arrives at Lyon for the First Council of Lyon.
• The University of Leipzig opens.
• St Paul's Cathedral, rebuilt to the design of Sir Christopher Wren following the Great Fire of London, is consecrated.
• Swedish parliament approves the Swedish Freedom of the Press Act and implements it as a ground law, thus being first in the world with freedom of speech.
• At Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte crowns himself Emperor of the French.
• War of the Third Coalition: Battle of Austerlitz: French troops under Napoleon decisively defeat a joint Russo-Austrian force.
• Monroe Doctrine: In a State of the Union message, U.S. President James Monroe proclaims American neutrality in future European conflicts, and warns European powers not to interfere in the Americas.
• Manifest Destiny: In a State of the Union message, U.S. President James K. Polk proposes that the United States should aggressively expand into the West.
• Franz Joseph I becomes Emperor of Austria.
• French President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte overthrows the Second Republic.
• Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte becomes Emperor of the French as Napoleon III.
• Alabama ratifies the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, followed by North Carolina, then Georgia; U.S. slaves were legally free within two weeks.

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• A council is convened in the Vatican, at which Charlemagne is to judge the accusations against Pope Leo III.
• Henry V of England enters Paris alongside his father-in-law King Charles VI of France.
• Courtiers Christopher Hatton and Thomas Heneage are knighted by Queen Elizabeth I of England.
• End of the Iberian Union: Portugal acclaims as King João IV of Portugal, ending 59 years of personal union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain and the end of the rule of the Philippine Dynasty.
• Diarist John Evelyn records skating on the frozen lake in St James's Park, London, watched by Charles II and Queen Catherine.
• Pedro I is crowned Emperor of Brazil.
• Argentine general Juan Lavalle makes a coup against governor Manuel Dorrego, beginning the Decembrist revolution.

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• Great Northern War: King Charles XII of Sweden dies during a siege of the fortress of Fredriksten in Norway.
• The Grand Duchy of Tuscany, under Pietro Leopoldo I, becomes the first modern state to abolish the death penalty (later commemorated as Cities for Life Day).
• The Balmis Expedition starts in Spain with the aim of vaccinating millions against smallpox in Spanish America and Philippines.
• In New Orleans, Spanish representatives officially transfer the Louisiana Territory to an official from the French First Republic. Just 20 days later, France transfers the same land to the United States as the Louisiana Purchase.
• First Welland Canal opens for a trial run, five years to the day from the ground breaking.
• Crimean War: Battle of Sinop: The Imperial Russian Navy under Pavel Nakhimov destroys the Ottoman fleet under Osman Pasha at Sinop, a sea port in northern Turkey.
• American Civil War: The Confederate Army of Tennessee suffers heavy losses in an attack on the Union Army of the Ohio in the Battle of Franklin.
• The first-ever international football match takes place at Hamilton Crescent, Glasgow, between Scotland and England.
• A German engineer patents front-wheel drive for automobiles.

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• Following the death of King Chlothar I at Compiègne, his four sons, Charibert I, Guntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I, divide the Frankish Kingdom.
• The papal conclave of 1549-50 begins.
• The Battle of Swally takes place, which loosens the Portuguese Empire's hold on India.
• Natchez Indians massacre 138 Frenchmen, 35 French women, and 56 children at Fort Rosalie, near the site of modern-day Natchez, Mississippi.
• San Jose, California, is founded as Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe by José Joaquín Moraga. It is the first civilian settlement, or pueblo, in Alta California.
• The crew of the British slave ship Zong murders 54 Africans by dumping them into the sea to claim insurance, beginning the Zong massacre.

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• Treaty of Andelot: King Guntram of Burgundy recognizes Childebert II as his heir.
• Shi Jingtang is enthroned as the first emperor of the Later Jin by Emperor Taizong of Liao, following a revolt against Emperor Fei of Later Tang.
• Skanderbeg and his forces liberate Kruja in central Albania and raise the Albanian flag.
• Champa-Đại Việt War: Emperor Lê Thánh Tông of Đại Việt formally launches his attack against Champa.
• An expedition under the command of Ferdinand Magellan passes through the Strait of Magellan.
• In Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway pay a £40 (equivalent to £11,783 in 2020) bond for their marriage licence.
• The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy has its greatest and last victory in the Battle of Oliwa.
• At Gresham College, twelve men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray decide to found what is later known as the Royal Society.
• At least 3,000 men of the Royal Scots Army led by Tam Dalyell of the Binns defeat about 900 Covenanter insurgents led by James Wallace of Auchens in the Battle of Rullion Green.
• The first Treaty of Hopewell is signed, by which the United States acknowledges Cherokee lands in what is now East Tennessee.

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• Luoyang is declared capital of the Eastern Han dynasty by Emperor Guangwu of Han.
• Rufinus, praetorian prefect of the East, is murdered by Gothic mercenaries under Gainas.
• Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont.
• The Berners Street hoax is perpetrated by Theodore Hook in the City of Westminster, London.
• Adoption of Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland.
• Saint Catherine Labouré experiences a Marian apparition.
• James Pratt and John Smith are hanged in London; they are the last two to be executed for sodomy in England.
• In Boston, Massachusetts, the American Statistical Association is founded.
• The Coup of 1856 leads to Luxembourg's unilateral adoption of a new, reactionary constitution.

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• The Asturian queen Adosinda is held at a monastery to prevent her king from retaking the throne from Mauregatus.
• Battle of Caishi: A Song dynasty fleet fights a naval engagement with Jin dynasty ships on the Yangtze river during the Jin-Song Wars.
• In the Hawaiian Islands, Captain James Cook becomes the first European to visit Maui.
• A national Thanksgiving Day is observed in the United States as proclaimed by President George Washington at the request of Congress.
• Official opening of Thomas Telford's Pontcysyllte Aqueduct.
• The Battle of Berezina begins during Napoleon's retreat from Russia.
• An earthquake as high as magnitude 8.8 rocks the Banda Sea, triggering a tsunami and killing at least 60 in the Dutch East Indies.
• Battle of Papudo: A Spanish navy schooner is defeated by a Chilean corvette north of Valparaíso, Chile.
• HMS Bulwark is destroyed by a large internal explosion with the loss of 741 men near Sheerness.
• The National Hockey League is formed, with the Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers, Ottawa Senators, Quebec Bulldogs, and Toronto Arenas as its first teams.

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• Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, dies. His grandson, Donnchad, son of Bethóc and Crínán of Dunkeld, inherits the throne.
• The White Ship sinks in the English Channel, drowning William Adelin, son and heir of Henry I of England.
• King Minkhaung I becomes king of Ava.
• Elizabeth of York is crowned Queen of England.
• The siege of Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, ends with the Treaty of Granada.
• Portuguese conquest of Goa: Portuguese naval forces under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque, and local mercenaries working for privateer Timoji, seize Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate, resulting in 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule.
• The Cudgel War begins in Finland (at the time part of Sweden), when peasants rebel against the imposition of taxes by the nobility.
• A deadly earthquake rocks Shemakha in the Caucasus, killing 80,000 people.

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