A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Majorian is arrested near Tortona (northern Italy) and deposed by the Suebian general Ricimer as puppet emperor.
• After a two-years siege, the city of Toledo, in Spain, surrenders to the forces of the Caliph of Córdoba Abd al-Rahman III, assuming an important victory in his campaign to subjugate the Central March.
• Edward I of England returns from the Ninth Crusade and is crowned King seventeen days later.
• Russian troops are defeated by forces of the Blue Horde Khan Arapsha in the Battle on Pyana River.
• During Henry Hudson's search for the Northwest Passage, he sails into what is now known as Hudson Bay.
• The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence took place.
• The first United States Census is conducted.
• French Revolutionary Wars: The Battle of the Nile concludes in a British victory.
• Charles X of France abdicates the throne in favor of his grandson Henri.
• The Government of India Act 1858 replaces Company rule in India with that of the British Raj.

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• Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt under the leadership of Gaius Julius Civilis.
• Justinian I becomes the sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.
• Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, is captured by the Aghlabid army, concluding the Muslim conquest of Sicily.
• Isaac II Angelos, restored Byzantine Emperor, declares his son Alexios IV Angelos co-emperor after pressure from the forces of the Fourth Crusade.
• The Old Swiss Confederacy is formed with the signature of the Federal Charter.
• Louis XI of France founds the chivalric order called the Order of Saint Michael in Amboise.
• Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to visit what is now Venezuela.
• The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus is concluded, by the surrender of Famagusta.
• Speedwell leaves Delfshaven to bring pilgrims to America by way of England.
• Ottoman forces are defeated in the battle of Saint Gotthard by an Austrian army led by Raimondo Montecuccoli, resulting in the Peace of Vasvár.

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• The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Traditional Japanese date: Sixth day of the seventh month of the first year of the Ten'o (天応) era).
• Pope Sergius IV becomes the 142nd pope, succeeding Pope John XVIII.
• Attempted usurpation by John Komnenos the Fat for the throne of Alexios III Angelos.
• Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant: The French army is defeated by the English at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.
• Jacques Cœur is arrested by order of Charles VII of France.
• All remaining Jews are expelled from Spain when the Alhambra Decree takes effect.
• On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad.
• Maurice, Prince of Orange disbands the waardgelders militia in Utrecht, a pivotal event in the Remonstrant/Counter-Remonstrant tensions.
• Russo-Polish War (1654-67): The Russian army enters the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, which it holds for six years.
• Aurangzeb is proclaimed Mughal emperor of India.

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• Baghdad is founded.
• First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council.
• Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off the coast of Honduras during his fourth voyage.
• Beaver Wars: At Ticonderoga (now Crown Point, New York), Samuel de Champlain shoots and kills two Iroquois chiefs on behalf of his native allies.
• In Jamestown, Virginia, the first Colonial European representative assembly in the Americas, the Virginia General Assembly, convenes for the first time.
• An earthquake kills about 5,000 people in Gargano, Italy.
• Eighty Years' War: The Siege of Schenkenschans begins; Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, begins the recapture of the strategically important fortress from the Spanish Army.
• The Battle of Warsaw ends with a Swedish-Brandenburger victory over a larger Polish-Lithuanian force.
• Nathaniel Bacon issues the "Declaration of the People of Virginia", beginning Bacon's Rebellion against the rule of Governor William Berkeley.
• Founding of Baltimore, Maryland.
• The first Masonic Grand Lodge in the future United States is constituted in Massachusetts.
• In Saint Petersburg, Bartolomeo Rastrelli presents the newly built Catherine Palace to Empress Elizabeth and her courtiers.
• Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, leader of the Mexican insurgency, is executed by the Spanish in Chihuahua City, Mexico.
• First ascent of Grand Combin, one of the highest summits in the Alps.

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• The Praetorian Guard storm the palace and capture Pupienus and Balbinus. They are dragged through the streets of Rome and executed. On the same day, Gordian III, age 13, is proclaimed emperor, the sixth emperor of the year.
• Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque at the age of 12.
• Sack of Thessalonica: Saracen raiders under Leo of Tripoli sack Thessaloniki, the Byzantine Empire's second-largest city, after a short siege, and plunder it for a week.
• Battle of Firenzuola: Lombard forces under King Rudolph II and Adalbert I, margrave of Ivrea, defeat the dethroned Emperor Berengar I of Italy at Firenzuola (Tuscany).
• Byzantine-Bulgarian wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, and his subsequent treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of a heart attack less than three months later, on October 6.
• Count Dirk III defeats an army sent by Emperor Henry II in the Battle of Vlaardingen.
• Ladejarl-Fairhair succession wars: Battle of Stiklestad: King Olaf II fights and dies trying to regain his Norwegian throne from the Danes.
• The Siege of Damascus ends in a decisive crusader defeat and leads to the disintegration of the Second Crusade.
• The widowed Mary, Queen of Scots marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Duke of Albany, at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, Scotland.
• The infant James VI is crowned King of Scotland at Stirling.
• Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: English naval forces under the command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake defeat the Spanish Armada off the coast of Gravelines, France.
• War of the Grand Alliance: Battle of Landen: France wins a Pyrrhic victory over Allied forces in the Netherlands.
• Founding of the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Corps: General George Washington appoints William Tudor as Judge Advocate of the Continental Army.
• French physicist Augustin Fresnel submits his prizewinning "Memoir on the Diffraction of Light", precisely accounting for the limited extent to which light spreads into shadows, and thereby demolishing the oldest objection to the wave theory of light.

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• Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.
• La Laguna encomienda, known today as the Laguna province in the Philippines, is founded by the Spaniards as one of the oldest encomiendas (provinces) in the country.
• In the Eighty Years' War, the Spanish capture the strategic Dutch fortress of Schenkenschans.
• Second Northern War: Battle of Warsaw begins.
• on 28 July, the composer, organist and harpsichordist Johann Sebastian Bach dies.
• Constitution of the province of Cantabria ratified at the Assembly Hall in Bárcena la Puente, Reocín, Spain.
• French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France.
• Mahmud II became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.
• Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force led by Joseph Bonaparte.
• José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain.
• USS Constellation (1854), the last all-sail warship built by the United States Navy and now a museum ship in Baltimore Harbor, is commissioned.

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• Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland somewhere north of the Firth of Forth.
• Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Stefan Nemanja, during the Third Crusade.
• Georgian-Seljuk wars: At the Battle of Basian the Kingdom of Georgia defeats the Sultanate of Rum.
• Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France decisively defeats Imperial, English and Flemish armies, effectively ending John of England's Angevin Empire.
• According to Edward Gibbon, Osman I invades the territory of Nicomedia for the first time, usually considered to be the founding day of the Ottoman state.
• Battle of Bapheus: Decisive Ottoman victory over the Byzantines opening up Bithynia for Turkish conquest.
• The Jesuit priest Francis Xavier's ship reaches Japan.
• The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports. After the Acts of Union 1707, Scotland would be included in the Act.
• Glorious Revolution: The Battle of Killiecrankie is a victory for the Jacobites.
• A Royal charter is granted to the Bank of England.
• The Great Northern War: The first significant victory of the Russian Navy in the naval battle of Gangut against the Swedish Navy near the Hanko Peninsula.
• Founding of the U.S. Army Medical Department: The Second Continental Congress passes legislation establishing "an hospital for an army consisting of 20,000 men."
• American Revolution: First Battle of Ushant: British and French fleets fight to a standoff.

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• First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I.
• Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seriously wounded.
• Rout of an alliance of Christian troops from Navarre and Léon against the Muslims at the Battle of Valdejunquera.
• Henry VII is recognized King of the Romans by Pope Clement V.
• The Emperor Krishnadevaraya ascends to the throne, marking the beginning of the regeneration of the Vijayanagara Empire.
• Francisco Pizarro González, Spanish conquistador, is appointed governor of Peru.
• Francis Drake, the English explorer, discovers a major bay on the coast of California (San Francisco).
• Plakkaat van Verlatinghe (Act of Abjuration): The northern Low Countries declare their independence from the Spanish king, Philip II.
• During the Bavarian Rummel the rural population of Tyrol drove the Bavarian Prince-Elector Maximilian II Emanuel out of North Tyrol with a victory at the Pontlatzer Bridge and thus prevented the Bavarian Army, which was allied with France, from marching as planned on Vienna during the War of the Spanish Succession.
• French and Indian War: The Siege of Louisbourg ends with British forces defeating the French and taking control of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

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• Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
• The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge.
• Climax of the Siege of Thessalonica by the Slavs in a three-day assault on the city walls.
• The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings.
• Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Prince Louis, later King Louis VII of France, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux.
• Battle of Ourique: The Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques who is proclaimed King of Portugal.
• The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.
• The naval Battle of Algeciras takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista resulting in a victory for the Emirate of Granada and the Maranid Dynasty over the Kingdom of Castile.
• The Battle of Molinella: The first battle in Italy in which firearms are used extensively.
• The city of Guayaquil is founded by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana and given the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil.
• Henry II of France is crowned.
• Mary I marries Philip II of Spain at Winchester Cathedral.
• Don Diego de Losada founds the city of Santiago de Leon de Caracas, modern-day Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela.

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• Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
• Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
• Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle: King Edward I of England takes the stronghold using the War Wolf.
• Battle of Harlaw, one of the bloodiest battles in Scotland, takes place.
• Behnam Hadloyo becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin.
• Citizens of Leeuwarden, Netherlands, strike against a ban on foreign beer.
• French explorer Jacques Cartier plants a cross on the Gaspé Peninsula and takes possession of the territory in the name of Francis I of France.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, is forced to abdicate and replaced by her one-year-old son James VI.
• Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founds the trading post at Fort Pontchartrain, which later becomes the city of Detroit.
• The Kingdom of Georgia and the Russian Empire sign the Treaty of Georgievsk.
• War of 1812: General Phineas Riall advances toward the Niagara River to halt Jacob Brown's American invaders.
• Afro-Chileans are emancipated.
• In Maracaibo, Venezuela, the naval Battle of Lake Maracaibo takes place, where Admiral José Prudencio Padilla defeats the Spanish Navy, thus culminating the independence for the Gran Colombia.
• After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City.

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