A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England.
• Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.
• The Livonian Order suffers its greatest defeat in the 13th century in the Battle of Durbe against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
• Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul de Thermes at Gravelines.
• Eighty Years' War: The Siege of Haarlem ends after seven months.
• Anglo-Spanish War: A convoy of English ships from the Levant Company manage to repel a fleet of eleven Spanish and Maltese galleys off the Mediterranean island of Pantelleria.
• English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down: In England, Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, heavily defeats the Parliamentarian forces led by Sir William Waller.
• The Continental Congress enacts the Northwest Ordinance establishing governing rules for the Northwest Territory. It also establishes procedures for the admission of new states and limits the expansion of slavery.
• Journalist and French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat is assassinated in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday, a member of the opposing political faction.
• The Battle of Trippstadt between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria begins.
• The Carabinieri, the national gendarmerie of Italy, is established.
• The General Assembly's Institution, now the Scottish Church College, one of the pioneering institutions that ushered the Bengali Renaissance, is founded by Alexander Duff and Raja Ram Mohan Roy, in Calcutta, India.
• Regulamentul Organic, a quasi-constitutional organic law is adopted in Wallachia, one of the two Danubian Principalities that were to become the basis of Romania.
• In the Battle of Guaymas, Mexico, General José María Yáñez stops the French invasion led by Count Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon.
• New York City draft riots: In New York City, opponents of conscription begin three days of rioting which will be later regarded as the worst in United States history.

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• The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
• King Constantine II of Scotland, King Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Ealdred of Bamburgh and King Owain of the Cumbrians accepted the overlordship of King Æthelstan of England, leading to seven years of peace in the north.
• Third Crusade: Saladin's garrison surrenders to Philip Augustus, ending the two-year siege of Acre.
• The Ottomans capture Euboea.
• Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle, one of the best-documented early printed books, is published.
• Lê Cung Hoàng ceded the throne to Mạc Đăng Dung, ending the Lê dynasty and starting the Mạc dynasty.
• King Henry VIII of England marries his sixth and last wife, Catherine Parr, at Hampton Court Palace.
• Fray Diego de Landa, acting Bishop of Yucatán, burns the sacred idols and books of the Maya.
• Mughal Empire annexes Bengal after defeating the Bengal Sultanate at the Battle of Rajmahal.
• The Ostrog Bible, one of the early printed Bibles in a Slavic language, is published.
• Battle of Aughrim (Julian calendar): The decisive victory of William III of England's forces in Ireland.

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• After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
• Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and becomes a monk (under the name Athanasius).
• Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy.
• Baldwin IV, 13, becomes King of Jerusalem, with Raymond III, Count of Tripoli as regent and William of Tyre as chancellor.
• Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch): A coalition around the Flemish cities defeats the king of France's royal army.
• Charles IV, Count of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia, is elected King of the Romans.
• Ming admiral Zheng He sets sail to explore the world for the first time.
• Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Ottoman capital, Edirne.
• Giuliano della Rovere is appointed bishop of Coutances.
• While exploring the North Atlantic Ocean in an attempt to find the Northwest Passage, Martin Frobisher sights Greenland, mistaking it for the hypothesized (but non-existent) island of "Frisland".
• Samuel de Champlain returns to Quebec.
• Mathematical calculations suggest that it is on this day that dwarf planet Pluto moved inside the orbit of Neptune for the last time before 1979.
• Jacques Necker is dismissed as France's Finance Minister sparking the Storming of the Bastille.
• The United States takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain under terms of the Jay Treaty.

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• Emperor Hadrian dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.
• Isshi Incident: Prince Naka-no-Ōe and Fujiwara no Kamatari assassinate Soga no Iruka during a coup d'état at the imperial palace.
• The Norse King Glúniairn recognises Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, High King of Ireland, and agrees to pay taxes and accept Brehon Law; the event is considered to be the founding of the city of Dublin.
• King Canute IV of Denmark is killed by rebellious peasants.
• Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, defeats the king's Lancastrian forces and takes King Henry VI prisoner in the Battle of Northampton.
• The Portuguese explorer Nicolau Coelho returns to Lisbon after discovering the sea route to India as a companion of Vasco da Gama.
• The Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre commences with the capture of Goizueta.
• Zhu Chenhao declares the Ming dynasty's Zhengde Emperor a usurper, beginning the Prince of Ning rebellion, and leads his army north in an attempt to capture Nanjing.
• Lady Jane Grey takes the throne of England.

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• Hadrian, who became emperor a year ago on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.
• The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I.
• Odoacer makes a night assault with his Heruli guardsmen, engaging Theoderic the Great in Ad Pinetam. Both sides suffer heavy losses, but in the end Theodoric forces Odoacer back into Ravenna.
• A major earthquake strikes Beirut, triggering a devastating tsunami that affected the coastal towns of Byzantine Phoenicia, causing thousands of deaths.
• Korean forces under general Kim Yu-sin of Silla defeat the army of Baekje in the Battle of Hwangsanbeol.
• The Fatimid general Jawhar leads the Friday prayer in Fustat in the name of Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, thereby symbolically completing the Fatimid conquest of Egypt.
• Emperor Charles IV assists in laying the foundation stone of Charles Bridge in Prague.
• The Old Swiss Confederacy makes great strides in establishing control over its territory by soundly defeating the Duchy of Austria in the Battle of Sempach.
• Timur attacks the Jalairid Sultanate and destroys Baghdad.
• King Henry VIII of England annuls his marriage to his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves.
• Nineteen Catholics suffer martyrdom for their beliefs in the Dutch town of Gorkum.
• Bohemia is granted freedom of religion through the Letter of Majesty by the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II.
• A Bourbon force under Nicolas Catinat withdraws from a smaller Habsburg force under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Battle of Carpi.

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• Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch.
• Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese fleet, defeats an Angevin fleet sent to put down a rebellion on Malta.
• Vasco da Gama sets sail on the first direct European voyage to India.
• Our Lady of Kazan, a holy icon of the Russian Orthodox Church, is discovered underground in the city of Kazan, Tatarstan.
• Charles II of England grants John Clarke a Royal charter to Rhode Island.
• Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava, thus effectively ending Sweden's status as a major power in Europe.
• The Battle of Dynekilen forces Sweden to abandon its invasion of Norway.
• French forces hold Fort Carillon against the British at Ticonderoga, New York.
• British forces defeat French forces in the last naval battle in New France.
• The Olive Branch Petition is signed by the Continental Congress of the Thirteen Colonies of North America.

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• Spanish conquistadores defeat a larger Aztec army at the Battle of Otumba.
• Jacques Cartier makes his first contact with aboriginal peoples in what is now Canada.
• The Raid of the Redeswire is the last major battle between England and Scotland.
• The Treaty of Nemours abolishes tolerance to Protestants in France.
• An English fleet completes the destruction of a French merchant fleet off Fort St Pierre, Martinique during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
• The Battle of Larga between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire takes place.
• American forces retreating from Fort Ticonderoga are defeated in the Battle of Hubbardton.
• As a result of the XYZ Affair, the US Congress rescinds the Treaty of Alliance with France sparking the "Quasi-War".
• The first Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia is signed, ending hostilities between the two countries in the War of the Fourth Coalition.

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• Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt).
• Mindaugas is crowned King of Lithuania.
• Pope Clement VI issues a papal bull protecting the Jews accused of having caused the Black Death.
• Ming China's Admiral Zheng He returns to Nanjing after the third treasure voyage and presents the Sinhalese king, captured during the Ming-Kotte War, to the Yongle Emperor.
• Jan Hus is condemned by the assembly of the council in the Konstanz Cathedral as a heretic and sentenced to be burned at the stake. (See Deaths section.)
• A temporary compromise between the rebellious Transylvanian peasants and the noblemen is signed in Kolozsmonostor Abbey.
• Richard III is crowned King of England.
• Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of the Congo River.
• First Italian War: Battle of Fornovo: Charles VIII defeats the Holy League.
• Sir Thomas More is executed for treason against King Henry VIII of England.

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• The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius.
• The Burgundian and Majorcan claimants of the Principality of Achaea meet in the Battle of Manolada.
• Portuguese forces under the command of Pedro Lopes de Sousa begin an unsuccessful invasion of the Kingdom of Kandy during the Campaign of Danture in Sri Lanka.
• John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
• Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
• The Battle of Chesma between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire begins.
• The Second Continental Congress adopts the Olive Branch Petition.
• The Convention of Artlenburg is signed, leading to the French occupation of the Electorate of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).
• In Buenos Aires the local militias repel the British soldiers within the Second English Invasion.
• The Battle of Wagram between the French and Austrian Empires begins.
• The Venezuelan Declaration of Independence is adopted by a congress of the provinces.
• War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York commence.
• War of 1812: Battle of Chippawa: American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippawa, Ontario.
• Lê Văn Khôi along with 27 soldiers stage a mutiny taking over the Phiên An citadel, developing into the Lê Văn Khôi revolt against Emperor Minh Mạng.

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• Pactum Sicardi, a peace treaty between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples, is signed.
• Ulrich of Augsburg is canonized as a saint.
• A supernova, called SN 1054, is seen by Chinese Song dynasty, Arab, and possibly Amerindian observers near the star Zeta Tauri. For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula.
• Jordan II of Capua is anointed as prince after his infant nephew's death.
• The Crusades: Battle of Hattin: Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.
• Francesco II Ordelaffi of Forlì surrenders to the Papal commander Gil de Albornoz.
• Ottoman-Hungarian wars: The Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) begins.
• The city of Trois-Rivières is founded in New France (now Quebec, Canada).
• Orangetown Resolutions are adopted in the Province of New York, one of many protests against the British Parliament's Coercive Acts.

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