A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid forces led by Al-Afdal Shahanshah. This is considered the last engagement of the First Crusade.
• Battle of Didgori: The Georgian army under King David IV wins a decisive victory over the famous Seljuk commander Ilghazi.
• Battle of Harim: Nur ad-Din Zangi defeats the Crusader armies of the County of Tripoli and the Principality of Antioch.
• The Treaty of Nöteborg between Sweden and Novgorod Republic is signed, regulating the border between the two countries for the first time.
• Christopher Columbus arrives in the Canary Islands on his first voyage to the New World.
• First engagement of the Battle of Zonchio between Venetian and Ottoman fleets.
• Charles de La Vieuville is arrested and replaced by Cardinal Richelieu as the French king's chief advisor.
• Praying Indian John Alderman shoots and kills Metacomet, the Wampanoag war chief, ending King Philip's War.
• Treaty of Allahabad is signed. The Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning of Company rule in India.

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• The south-western part of Dacia (modern Romania) becomes a Roman province: Roman Dacia.
• Claudius Silvanus, accused of treason, proclaims himself Roman Emperor against Constantius II.
• Battle of Adda: The Goths under Theodoric the Great and his ally Alaric II defeat the forces of Odoacer on the Adda River, near Milan.
• The Qarmatians of Bahrayn capture and pillage the city of Basra.
• Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Dupplin Moor: Scots under Domhnall II, Earl of Mar are routed by Edward Balliol.
• The Battle of Otlukbeli: Mehmed the Conqueror of the Ottoman Empire decisively defeats Uzun Hassan of Aq Qoyunlu.
• Rodrigo de Borja is elected as Head of the Catholic Church, taking the name Pope Alexander VI
• Franco-Dutch War: Forces of the Holy Roman Empire defeat the French in the Battle of Konzer Brücke.
• Captain Francis Light establishes the British colony of Penang in Malaysia.
• Francis II assumes the title of first Emperor of Austria.

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• Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I.
• Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West.
• Battle of Maldon: The English, led by Byrhtnoth, Ealdorman of Essex, are defeated by a band of inland-raiding Vikings near Maldon, Essex.
• The Battle of Azaz ends with a humiliating retreat of the Byzantine emperor, Romanos III Argyros, against the Mirdasid rulers of Aleppo. The retreat degenerates into a rout, in which Romanos himself barely escapes capture.
• Yekuno Amlak takes the imperial throne of Ethiopia, restoring the Solomonic dynasty to power after a 100-year Zagwe interregnum.
• The Second Battle of Athenry takes place near Athenry during the Bruce campaign in Ireland.
• The naval Battle of Saint-Mathieu, during the War of the League of Cambrai, sees the simultaneous destruction of the Breton ship La Cordelière and the English ship The Regent.
• Ferdinand Magellan's five ships set sail from Seville to circumnavigate the globe. The Basque second-in-command Juan Sebastián Elcano will complete the expedition after Magellan's death in the Philippines.
• Battle of St. Quentin: Spanish victory over the French in the Italian War of 1551-59.
• The Treaty of Nonsuch signed by Elizabeth I of England and the Dutch Rebels.

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• Construction of the campanile of the Cathedral of Pisa (now known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa) begins; it will take two centuries to complete.
• Quilon, the first Indian Christian Diocese, is erected by Pope John XXII; the French-born Jordanus is appointed the first Bishop.
• Sources cite biggest caravan trade between Podvisoki and Republic of Ragusa in 1428. Vlachs committed to Ragusan lord Tomo Bunić, that they will with 600 horses deliver 1500 modius of salt. Delivery was meant for Dobrašin Veseoković, and Vlachs price was half of delivered salt.
• Ottoman-Venetian War (1499-1503): The Ottomans capture Methoni, Messenia.
• The First Anglo-Powhatan War begins in colonial Virginia.
• Napoleon annexes Westphalia as part of the First French Empire.
• Indian Wars: The Creek sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson, giving up huge parts of Alabama and Georgia.
• Louis Philippe becomes the king of the French following abdication of Charles X.
• The Webster-Ashburton Treaty is signed, establishing the United States-Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains.

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• Treaty of Meerssen: King Louis the German and his half-brother Charles the Bald partition the Middle Frankish Kingdom into two larger east and west divisions.
• Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula.
• Mudéjar revolt: Muslim rebel forces took the Alcázar of Jerez de la Frontera after defeating the Castilian garrison.
• King James IV of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh, Scotland.
• Krishnadeva Raya is crowned Emperor of Vijayanagara at Chittoor.
• The cornerstone for Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg observatory is laid on the island of Hven.
• John Davis enters Cumberland Sound in search of the Northwest Passage.
• Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: The naval engagement ends, ending the Spanish Armada's attempt to invade England.
• The city of Oulu, Finland, is founded by Charles IX of Sweden.
• The Irish Confederate Wars and Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Battle of Dungan's Hill: English Parliamentary forces defeat Irish forces.
• Mehmed IV (1648-1687) succeeds Ibrahim I (1640-1648) as Ottoman Emperor.
• Bartolomeu de Gusmão demonstrates the lifting power of hot air in an audience before the king of Portugal in Lisbon, Portugal.

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• Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the magister militum Ricimer.
• The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of Constantinople.
• Pope Stephen III is elected to office, and quickly seeks Frankish protection against the Lombard threat, since the Byzantine Empire is no longer able to help.
• Coronation of King Otto I of Germany.
• The Ming dynasty Chinese military general Cao Qin stages a coup against the Tianshun Emperor.
• The brigantine Le Griffon, commissioned by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the south-eastern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes of North America.
• The Battle of Gangut: The first important victory of the Russian Navy.
• The Treaty of Åbo ended the 1741-1743 Russo-Swedish War.
• George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit to honor soldiers wounded in battle. It is later renamed to the more poetic Purple Heart.
• The United States Department of War is established.
• American troops destroy the Miami town of Kenapacomaqua near the site of present-day Logansport, Indiana in the Northwest Indian War.
• U.S. President George Washington invokes the Militia Acts of 1792 to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania.
• Simón Bolívar triumphs over Spain in the Battle of Boyacá.

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• The Republic of Pisa is defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Republic of Genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the Mediterranean.
• Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.
• The Treaty of The Hague is signed by Portugal and the Dutch Republic.
• American Revolutionary War: The bloody Battle of Oriskany prevents American relief of the Siege of Fort Stanwix.
• Sixty proof sheets of the Constitution of the United States are delivered to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares the moribund empire to be dissolved, although he retains power in the Austrian Empire.
• Norwich University is founded in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States.
• Peruvian War of Independence: The Battle of Junín.
• The Bolivian Declaration of Independence is proclaimed.
• Britain imposes the Lagos Treaty of Cession to suppress slavery in what is now Nigeria.
• American Civil War: The Confederate ironclad CSS Arkansas is scuttled on the Mississippi River after suffering catastrophic engine failure near Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
• Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Spicheren is fought, resulting in a Prussian victory.
• Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Wörth results in a decisive Prussian victory.

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• Guangwu claims the throne as Emperor of China, restoring the Han dynasty after the collapse of the short-lived Xin dynasty.
• Fires resulting from the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem are extinguished.
• Roman armies enter Betar, slaughtering thousands and ending the Bar Kokhba revolt.
• Battle of Maserfield: Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Northumbria.
• The last major Danish army to raid England for nearly a century is defeated at the Battle of Tettenhall by the allied forces of Mercia and Wessex, led by King Edward the Elder and Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians.
• The Battle of Alhandic is fought between Ramiro II of León and Abd-ar-Rahman III at Zamora in the context of the Spanish Reconquista. The battle resulted in a victory for the Emirate of Córdoba.
• Byzantine-Norman wars: Italo-Normans begin a nearly-three-year siege of Bari.
• Henry I is crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey.
• Spanish Reconquista: the forces of the Kingdom of Castile initiate the ultimately futile Siege of Algeciras against the Emirate of Granada.
• The Battle of Otterburn, a border skirmish between the Scottish and the English in Northern England, is fought near Otterburn.

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• Goguryeo-Sui War: Emperor Wéndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo (Korea) during the Manchurian rainy season, with a Chinese army and navy.
• Second Barons' War: Battle of Evesham: The army of Prince Edward (the future king Edward I of England) defeats the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, killing de Montfort and many of his allies.
• First War of Scottish Independence: James Douglas leads a raid into Weardale and almost kills Edward III of England.
• Battle of Al Kasr al Kebir: The Moroccans defeat the Portuguese. King Sebastian of Portugal is killed in the battle, leaving his elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, as his heir. This initiates a succession crisis in Portugal.
• Great Peace of Montreal between New France and First Nations is signed.
• War of the Spanish Succession: Gibraltar is captured by an English and Dutch fleet, commanded by Admiral Sir George Rooke and allied with Archduke Charles.
• Mount Asama erupts in Japan, killing about 1,400 people (Tenmei eruption). The eruption causes a famine, which results in an additional 20,000 deaths.
• France: abolition of feudalism by the National Constituent Assembly.
• A newly passed tariff act creates the Revenue Cutter Service (the forerunner of the United States Coast Guard).
• French Revolutionary Wars: Napoleon leads the French Army of Italy to victory in the Battle of Lonato.
• The Hinomaru is established as the official flag to be flown from Japanese ships.

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• Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna.
• Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor Theodosius II to a monastery in Egypt.
• Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu: Louis III of France defeats the Vikings, an event celebrated in the poem Ludwigslied.
• Battle of Eisenach: An invading Hungarian force defeats an East Frankish army under Duke Burchard of Thuringia.
• Olaf II of Norway is canonized as Saint Olaf by Grimketel, the English Bishop of Selsey.
• Frederik van Lotharingen elected as first Belgian Pope Stephen IX.
• The Siege of Algeciras commences during the Spanish Reconquista.
• Christopher Columbus sets sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain.
• The first known letter from North America is sent by John Rut while at St. John's, Newfoundland.
• Long War: Austria captures Transylvania in the Battle of Goroszló.
• Thirty Years' War: The Second Battle of Nördlingen sees French forces defeating those of the Holy Roman Empire.
• Robert LaSalle builds the Le Griffon, the first known ship built on the Great Lakes.
• The theatre La Scala in Milan is inaugurated with the première of Antonio Salieri's Europa riconosciuta.
• Treaty of Greenville is signed, ending the Northwest Indian War in the Ohio Country.
• First ascent of Jungfrau, third highest summit in the Bernese Alps by brothers Johann Rudolf and Hieronymus Meyer.

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