A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Rebels decapitate Wang Mang two days after his capital was sacked during a peasant rebellion.
• Byzantine Empress Eudoxia dies from the miscarriage of her seventh pregnancy.
• Spain's DeSoto expedition takes over the Apalachee capital of Anhaica for their winter quarters.
• Euridice, the earliest surviving opera, receives its première performance, beginning the Baroque period.
• Immigrant families found Germantown, Pennsylvania in the first major immigration of German people to America.
• Seven Years' War: The British capture Manila from Spain and occupy it.
• American Revolutionary War: British forces capture Forts Clinton and Montgomery on the Hudson River.
• French Revolution: King Louis XVI is forced to change his residence from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace.
• A large fire destroys a third of all the buildings in the town of Raahe in the Grand Duchy of Finland.
• The execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad after the Hungarian war of independence.
• The Naval War College of the United States is founded in Rhode Island.

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• King Louis the Pious is crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by the Pope.
• The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to depose patriarch Photios I.
• With the signing of the Treaty of Zamora, King Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognises Portugal as a Kingdom.
• Assassins attempt to kill Venetian statesman and scientist Paolo Sarpi.
• French Revolution: The Women's March on Versailles effectively terminates royal authority.
• War of 1812: The Army of the Northwest defeats a British and Native Canadian force threatening Detroit.
• The Killough massacre in east Texas sees eighteen Texian settlers either killed or kidnapped.
• The Saxby Gale devastates the Bay of Fundy region in Canada.
• The Eastman tunnel, in Minnesota, United States, collapses during construction, causing a landslide that nearly destroys St. Anthony Falls.
• The Nez Perce War in the northwestern United States comes to an end.
• Peace congress in Paris condemns British policy in S. Africa, asserts Boer Republic's right to self-determination.
• The Wright brothers pilot the Wright Flyer III in a new world record flight of 24 miles in 39 minutes.
• In a revolution in Portugal the monarchy is overthrown and a republic is declared.

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• Otto IV is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Innocent III.
• The Byzantine-Venetian War comes to an end.
• Battle of Lake Poyang: In one of the largest naval battles in history, Zhu Yuanzhang's rebels defeat rival Chen Youliang.
• Formation of the Holy League of Aragon, the Papal States and Venice against France.
• The Coverdale Bible is printed, with translations into English by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale.
• The Gregorian Calendar is introduced by Pope Gregory XIII.
• Governor Gonzalo Méndez de Canço begins to suppress a native uprising against his rule in what is now the state of Georgia.
• Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War: A fleet of Spanish galleys are defeated by English and Dutch galleons in the English Channel.
• Thirty Years' War: The Swedish Army defeats the armies of Saxony and the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Wittstock.
• Nine Years' War: Piedmontese troops are defeated by the French.
• Napoleon first rises to prominence by suppressing counter-revolutionary rioters threatening the National Convention.
• Mexico adopts a new constitution and becomes a federal republic.
• The Belgian Revolution takes legal form when the provisional government secedes from the Netherlands.

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• Roman Emperor Theodosius I concludes a peace treaty with the Goths and settles them in the Balkans.
• Muhammed VII becomes the twelfth sultan of the Emirate of Granada.
• The Siege of Leiden is lifted by the Watergeuzen.
• Qing dynasty naval commander Shi Lang receives the surrender of the Tungning kingdom on Taiwan after the Battle of Penghu.
• The Treaty of Niš is signed by the Ottoman Empire and Russia ending the Russian-Turkish War.
• George Washington proclaims a Thanksgiving Day for that year.
• Chief Kintpuash and companions are hanged for their part in the Modoc War of northern California.
• U.S. forces defeat Nicaraguan rebels at the Battle of Coyotepe Hill.
• Cincinnati Reds pitcher Adolfo Luque becomes the first Latin American player to appear in a World Series.
• The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is renamed to Yugoslavia by King Alexander I.
• The German Socialist Labour Party in Poland - Left is founded.

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• Theophilos succeeds his father Michael II as Byzantine Emperor.
• Battle of Andernach: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition of Eberhard of Franconia and other Frankish dukes.
• The Battle of Largs is fought between Norwegians and Scots.
• The Earl of Warwick's rebellion forces King Edward IV of England to flee to the Netherlands, restoring Henry VI to the throne.
• Russo-Kazan Wars: Russian troops enter Kazan.
• American Revolutionary War: John André, a British Army officer, is hanged as a spy by the Continental Army.
• The United States Bill of Rights is sent to the various States for ratification.
• Texas Revolution: Mexican troops attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.
• American Civil War: Confederates defeat a Union attack on Saltville, Virginia. A massacre of wounded Union prisoners ensues.
• By plebiscite, the citizens of the Papal States accept annexation by the Kingdom of Italy.
• The "Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God", commonly known as Opus Dei, is founded.

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• Pope Damasus I is consecrated.
• Edgar the Peaceful becomes king of all England, in succession to Eadwig.
• Pope John XIII is consecrated.
• Coronation of Queen Mary I of England.
• Coronation of Shah Abbas I of Persia.
• Ahmed III is forced to abdicate as the Ottoman sultan.
• The city of Tampere, Finland (belonging to Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav III of Sweden.
• Russians under Alexander Suvorov defeat the Turks at Kinburn.
• First session of the French Legislative Assembly.
• More than a year after the Battle of Sprimont, the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium) are officially annexed by Revolutionary France.
• Via the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain cedes Louisiana to France, which would sell the land to the United States thirty months later.
• Opening of the Congress of Vienna, intended to redraw Europe's political map after the defeat of Napoleon the previous spring.
• Russo-Persian War: The Russian army under Ivan Paskevich storms Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination of Armenia.
• South African College is founded in Cape Town, South Africa. It will later separate into the University of Cape Town and the South African College Schools.

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• The Ostrogoths under Theoderic the Great defeat the forces of Odoacer for the second time.
• The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, follow them south of the Oxus, and capture their baggage train.
• A magnitude 7.7 earthquake strikes the Caucasus mountains in the Seljuk Empire, causing mass destruction and killing up to 300,000 people.
• Henry IV is proclaimed king of England.
• Suleiman the Magnificent is proclaimed sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
• Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto and his forces enter Tula territory in present-day western Arkansas, encountering fierce resistance.
• A coup by the military establishment of Japan's Ōuchi clan forces their lord to commit suicide, and their city is burned.
• War of the Austrian Succession: France and Spain defeat Sardinia at the Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo, but soon have to withdraw from Sardinia anyway.
• The first performance of Mozart's opera The Magic Flute takes place two months before his death.
• France's National Constituent Assembly is dissolved, to be replaced the next day by the National Legislative Assembly.
• Thomas Edison's first commercial hydroelectric power plant (later known as Appleton Edison Light Company) begins operation.
• Jack the Ripper kills his third and fourth victims, Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes.
• The Royal Galician Academy, the Galician language's biggest linguistic authority, starts working in La Coruña, Spain.
• The McKinley National Memorial, the final resting place of assassinated U.S. President William McKinley and his family, is dedicated in Canton, Ohio.
• The Cunard Line's RMS Mauretania makes a record-breaking westbound crossing of the Atlantic, that will not be bettered for 20 years.

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• Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury, as a prisoner.
• Investiture Controversy: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, is excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX for his failure to participate in the Crusades.
• The Treaty of Montgomery recognises Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as Prince of Wales, but only as a vassal of King Henry III.
• Hundred Years' War: English forces defeat the French in Brittany, ending the War of the Breton Succession.
• Spanish colonization of the Americas: Tegucigalpa, capital city of Honduras, is claimed by the Spaniards.
• The Great Hatred: The Cossacks of the Russian Empire killed about 800 people overnight in Hailuoto.
• An earthquake strikes Antigua Guatemala, destroying much of the city's architecture.
• The United States Department of War first establishes a regular army with a strength of several hundred men.
• The 1st United States Congress adjourns.
• The Metropolitan Police of London, later also known as the Met, is founded.
• The Battle of Pákozd is a stalemate between Hungarian and Croatian forces, and is the first battle of the Hungarian Revolution.
• The papal bull Universalis Ecclesiae restores the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales.
• The Philippine port of Iloilo is opened to world trade by the Spanish administration.
• American Civil War: The Battle of Chaffin's Farm is fought.

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• Pope Pontian resigns. He is exiled to the mines of Sardinia, along with Hippolytus of Rome.
• Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius.
• Roman usurper Procopius bribes two legions passing by Constantinople, and proclaims himself emperor.
• Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia is murdered by a group of nobles led by his brother Boleslaus I, who succeeds him.
• Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia, kills most members of the rival Slavník dynasty.
• William the Conqueror lands in England, beginning the Norman conquest.
• King Henry I of England defeats his brother Robert Curthose at the Battle of Tinchebray.
• King James I of Aragon conquers Valencia from the Moors. Shortly thereafter, he proclaims himself king of Valencia.
• Ottoman-Venetian War: The Ottoman Navy scores a decisive victory over a Holy League fleet in the Battle of Preveza.
• Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo of Portugal arrives at what is now San Diego, California. He is the first European in California.

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• William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
• The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order. The Poles are defeated but their leaders escape capture.
• After the brief Gollub War, the Teutonic Knights sign the Treaty of Melno with Poland and Lithuania.
• The Siege of Vienna begins when Suleiman I attacks the city.
• The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) receives its charter from Pope Paul III.
• The death of Pope Urban VII, 13 days after being chosen as the Pope, ends the shortest papal reign in history.
• The armies of Sweden are defeated by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Battle of Kircholm.
• The Venetians surrender the fortress of Candia to the Ottomans, thus ending the 21-year-long Siege of Candia.
• American Revolution: Lancaster, Pennsylvania becomes the capital of the United States for one day after Congress evacuates Philadelphia.
• The National Assembly of France votes to award full citizenship to Jews.
• The Army of the Three Guarantees triumphantly enters Mexico City, led by Agustín de Iturbide. The following day Mexico is declared independent.
• Jean-François Champollion officially informs the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in France that he has deciphered the Rosetta Stone.
• The world's first public railway to use steam locomotives, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, is ceremonially opened.

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