A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Emperor Avitus enters Rome with a Gallic army and consolidates his power.
• The Kingdom of Dublin falls to Norman invaders.
• Livonian Crusade: The Estonian leader Lembitu and Livonian leader Kaupo the Accursed are killed in the Battle of St. Matthew's Day.
• The Congress of Arras causes Burgundy to switch sides in the Hundred Years' War.
• A Hanoverian army is defeated, in ten minutes, by the Jacobite forces of Prince Charles Edward Stuart
• Part of New York City is burned shortly after being occupied by British forces.
• American Revolutionary War: Benedict Arnold gives the British the plans to West Point.
• French Revolution: The National Convention abolishes the monarchy.
• British Secretary of War Lord Castlereagh and Foreign Secretary George Canning meet in a duel on Putney Heath, with Castlereagh wounding Canning in the thigh.
• The crew of schooner Ancud, including John Williams Wilson, takes possession of the Strait of Magellan on behalf of the Chilean government.
• Second Opium War: An Anglo-French force defeats Chinese troops at the Battle of Palikao.
• Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan: British forces under the command of Horatio Kitchener take Dongola.
• Empress Dowager Cixi seizes power and ends the Hundred Days' Reform in China.
• A storage silo in Oppau, Germany, explodes, killing 500-600 people.
• Salvador Lutteroth establishes Mexican professional wrestling.

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• At the Battle of Fulford, Harald Hardrada defeats earls Morcar and Edwin.
• Saladin begins the Siege of Jerusalem.
• The Great Prussian Uprising among the old Prussians begins against the Teutonic Knights.
• Cardinal Robert of Geneva is elected as Pope Clement VII, beginning the Papal schism.
• The Nankai tsunami washes away the building housing the Great Buddha at Kōtoku-in. It has been outside since then.
• Ferdinand Magellan sets sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda with about 270 men on his expedition which ultimately culminated in the first circumnavigation the globe.
• The Dutch town of Grave held by the Spanish, capitulates to a besieging Dutch and English army under the command of Maurice of Orange.
• The Treaty of Ryswick is signed by France, England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic, ending the Nine Years' War.
• The finish of the Walking Purchase which forces the cession of 1.2 million acres (4,860 km2) of Lenape-Delaware tribal land to the Pennsylvania Colony.
• French troops stop an allied invasion of France at the Battle of Valmy.
• The decade-long Ragamuffin War starts when rebels capture Porto Alegre in Brazil.
• Crimean War: British and French troops defeat Russians at the Battle of Alma.
• The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ends with the recapture of Delhi by troops loyal to the East India Company.

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• Nerva, suspected of complicity of the death of Domitian, is declared emperor by Senate. The Senate then annuls laws passed by Domitian and orders his statues to be destroyed.
• Siege of Damascus: The Rashidun Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid capture Damascus from the Byzantine Empire.
• Battle of Poitiers: An English army under the command of Edward, the Black Prince defeats a French army and captures King John II.
• End of the Siege of Marienburg: The State of the Teutonic Order repulses the joint Polish—Lithuanian forces.
• Jamestown is burned to the ground by the forces of Nathaniel Bacon during Bacon's Rebellion.
• American Revolutionary War: British forces win a tactically expensive victory over the Continental Army in the First Battle of Saratoga.
• The Continental Congress passes the first United States federal budget.
• George Washington's Farewell Address is printed across America as an open letter to the public.
• French Revolutionary Wars: French-Dutch victory against the Russians and British in the Battle of Bergen.
• Two French shepherd children, Mélanie Calvat and Maximin Giraud, experience a Marian apparition on a mountaintop near La Salette, France, now known as Our Lady of La Salette.
• Annibale de Gasparis discovers the asteroid Massalia from the north dome of the Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte.
• American Civil War: Union troops under William Rosecrans defeat a Confederate force commanded by Sterling Price.
• American Civil War: The first day of the Battle of Chickamauga, in northwestern Georgia, the bloodiest two-day battle of the conflict, and the only significant Confederate victory in the war's Western Theater.

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• Domitian, who has been conducting a reign of terror for the past three years, is assassinated as a result of a plot by his wife Domitia and twe Praetorian prefects.
• Nerva is proclaimed Roman emperor after Domitian is assassinated.
• Constantine the Great decisively defeats Licinius in the Battle of Chrysopolis, establishing Constantine's sole control over the Roman Empire.
• Battle of Kapetron between a combined Byzantine-Georgian army and a Seljuq army.
• Norwegian king Harald Hardrada lands with Tostig Godwinson at the mouth of the Humber River and begins his invasion of England.
• Philip Augustus becomes king of France at the age of fifteen.
• Thirteen Years' War: In the Battle of Chojnice, the Polish army is defeated by the Teutonic knights.
• The expedition of Juan Bautista Pastene makes landfall in San Pedro Bay, southern Chile, claiming the territory for Spain.
• The Treaty of Belgrade is signed, whereby Austria cedes lands south of the Sava and Danube rivers to the Ottoman Empire.
• French and Indian War: The Articles of Capitulation of Quebec are signed.
• The first cornerstone of the United States Capitol is laid by George Washington.

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• Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia".
• The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine Empire to recover central Anatolia from the Seljuk Turks.
• Louis the Great's daughter, Mary, is crowned "king" of Hungary.
• Thirteen Years' War: A Polish army under Piotr Dunin decisively defeats the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Świecino.
• The Treaty of Bergerac is signed between King Henry III of France and the Huguenots.
• Polish-Ottoman War: The Ottoman Empire defeats the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Battle of Cecora.
• Sweden wins a major victory at the Battle of Breitenfeld against the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.
• The Battle of Vilanova is fought between Portugal and Spain during the Portuguese Restoration War.
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek writes a letter to the Royal Society describing "animalcules", later known as protozoa.
• American Revolutionary War: The Invasion of Canada begins with the Siege of Fort St. Jean.
• The Presidio of San Francisco is founded in New Spain.
• The Treaty of Fort Pitt is signed. It is the first formal treaty between the United States and a Native American tribe.

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• Pope Honorius I is posthumously excommunicated by the Sixth Ecumenical Council.
• Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers.
• A determined band of 35 religious dissenters - Pilgrims set sail for Virginia from Plymouth, England in the Mayflower, jubilant at the prospect of practicing their unorthodox brand of worship in the New World.
• James Francis Edward Stuart, sometimes called the "Old Pretender", becomes the Jacobite claimant to the thrones of England and Scotland.
• In Campo Maior, Portugal, a storm hits the Armory and a violent explosion ensues, killing two-thirds of its inhabitants.
• American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Harlem Heights is fought.
• With the Grito de Dolores, Father Miguel Hidalgo begins Mexico's fight for independence from Spain.
• Robert College, in Istanbul, the first American educational institution outside the United States, is founded by Christopher Robert, an American philanthropist.
• The Cornell Daily Sun prints its first issue in Ithaca, New York. The Sun is the United States' oldest, continuously-independent college daily.
• Settlers make a land run for prime land in the Cherokee Strip in Oklahoma.
• The General Motors Corporation is founded.

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• Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes.
• Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by Jean de Malestroit, Bishop of Nantes.
• Departing from Vlissingen, ex-Holy Roman Emperor Charles V returns to Spain.
• The so-called "Invincible Armada" sent by Catholic King Philip II of Spain to overthrow Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England has been handed a crushing defeat in the English Channel.
• Seven Years' War: Battle of Signal Hill.
• American Revolutionary War: British forces land at Kip's Bay during the New York Campaign.
• French Revolutionary Wars: Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of Wellington) sees his first combat at the Battle of Boxtel during the Flanders Campaign.
• Britain seizes the Dutch Cape Colony in southern Africa to prevent its use by the Batavian Republic.
• War of 1812: A second supply train sent to relieve Fort Harrison is ambushed in the Attack at the Narrows.
• HMS Whiting runs aground on the Doom Bar.

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• Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
• Emperor Heraclius enters Constantinople in triumph after his victory over the Persian Empire.
• "Night of the three Caliphs": Harun al-Rashid becomes the Abbasid caliph upon the death of his brother al-Hadi. Birth of Harun's son al-Ma'mun.
• Battle of Islandbridge: High King Niall Glúndub is killed while leading an Irish coalition against the Vikings of Uí Ímair, led by King Sitric Cáech.
• Genpei War: Battle of Ishibashiyama in Japan.
• The first recorded instance of the Catholic practice of perpetual Eucharistic adoration formally begins in Avignon, France.
• Battle of Homildon Hill results in an English victory over Scotland.
• Flight of the Earls from Lough Swilly, Donegal, Ireland.
• Grand Master António Manoel de Vilhena lays down the first stone of Fort Manoel in Malta.
• George Frideric Handel completes his oratorio Messiah.
• The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar, skipping eleven days (the previous day was September 2).
• Seneca warriors defeat British forces at the Battle of Devil's Hole during Pontiac's War.

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• Belisarius of the Byzantine Empire defeats Gelimer and the Vandals at the Battle of Ad Decimum, near Carthage, North Africa.
• Ögedei Khan is proclaimed Khagan of the Mongol Empire in Kodoe Aral, Khentii: Mongolia.
• Italian Renaissance: Michelangelo begins work on his statue of David.
• Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand issue a Royal Warrant for the construction of a Royal Chapel (Capilla Real) to be built.
• After three years of exile, John Calvin returns to Geneva to reform the church under a body of doctrine known as Calvinism.
• San Lorenzo del Escorial Palace in Madrid is finished.
• Henry Hudson reaches the river that would later be named after him – the Hudson River.
• Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Scottish Royalists are defeated by Covenanters at the Battle of Philiphaugh.
• Battle of the Plains of Abraham: the British defeat the French near Quebec City in the Seven Years' War, known in the United States as the French and Indian War.
• American Revolutionary War: Franco-Spanish troops launch the unsuccessful "grand assault" during the Great Siege of Gibraltar.

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• Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Battle of Muret.
• Battle of Portopí: The Aragonese army under the command of James I of Aragon disembarks at Santa Ponça, Majorca, with the purpose of conquering the island.
• The First Siege of Gibraltar takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista pitting the forces of the Kingdom of Castile against the Emirate of Granada resulting in a Castilian victory.
• Henry Hudson begins his exploration of the Hudson River while aboard the Halve Maen.
• A gunpowder factory explodes in Valletta, Malta, killing 22 people and damaging several buildings.
• Austro-Ottoman War: Battle of Vienna: Several European armies join forces to defeat the Ottoman Empire.
• The Sultanate of Sulu ceded Balambangan Island to the British East India Company
• Battle of North Point: an American detachment halts the British land advance to Baltimore in the War of 1812.
• Elizabeth Barrett elopes with Robert Browning.
• Mexican-American War: the Battle of Chapultepec begins.
• A new constitution marks the establishment of Switzerland as a federal state.
• The SS Central America sinks about 160 miles east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, drowning a total of 426 passengers and crew, including Captain William Lewis Herndon. The ship was carrying 13-15 tons of gold from the California Gold Rush.

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