• Leo I becomes the Eastern Roman emperor.
• Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II.
• Edward of Caernarvon (later king Edward II of England) becomes the first English Prince of Wales.
• King Thihathu founds the Pinya Kingdom as the de jure successor state of the Pagan Kingdom.
• Albert III of Mecklenburg (King Albert of Sweden) grants city rights to Ulvila (Swedish: Ulvsby).
• In Florence, Italy, supporters of Girolamo Savonarola burn cosmetics, art, and books, in a "Bonfire of the vanities".
• Guaraní War: The leader of the Guaraní rebels, Sepé Tiaraju, is killed in a skirmish with Spanish and Portuguese troops.
• American Revolutionary War: French and Spanish forces lift the Great Siege of Gibraltar.
• The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified.
• Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon finds Bennigsen's Russian forces taking a stand at Eylau. After bitter fighting, the French take the town, but the Russians resume the battle the next day.
• The strongest in a series of earthquakes strikes New Madrid, Missouri.
• In the action of 7 February 1813 near the Îles de Los, the frigates Aréthuse and Amelia batter each other, but neither can gain the upper hand.
• Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles leaves Singapore after just taking it over, leaving it in the hands of William Farquhar.

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• The Archdiocese of Manila is made a diocese by a papal bull with Domingo de Salazar being its first bishop.
• James II of England and VII of Scotland is proclaimed King upon the death of his brother Charles II.
• The warrior queen Dandara, leader of the runaway slaves in Quilombo dos Palmares, Brazil, is captured and commits suicide rather than be returned to a life of slavery.
• American Revolutionary War: In Paris the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce are signed by the United States and France signaling official recognition of the new republic.
• New York became the third state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
• Massachusetts becomes the sixth state to ratify the United States Constitution.
• Battle of San Domingo: British naval victory against the French in the Caribbean.
• Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles founds Singapore.
• The first 86 African American immigrants sponsored by the American Colonization Society depart New York to start a settlement in present-day Liberia.
• Otto becomes the first modern King of Greece.
• Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, establishing New Zealand as a British colony.
• The first minstrel show in the United States, The Virginia Minstrels, opens (Bowery Amphitheatre in New York City).
• American Civil War: Forces under the command of Ulysses S. Grant and Andrew H. Foote give the Union its first victory of the war, capturing Fort Henry, Tennessee in the Battle of Fort Henry.
• Spanish-American War: The Treaty of Paris, a peace treaty between the United States and Spain, is ratified by the United States Senate.

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• Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
• An Lushan, leader of a revolt against the Tang Dynasty, declares himself emperor and establishes the state of Yan.
• Idris I reaches Volubilis and founds the Idrisid dynasty, marking the secession of Morocco from the Abbasid caliphate and founding the first Moroccan state.
• Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.
• A group of early Japanese Christians are killed by the new government of Japan for being seen as a threat to Japanese society.
• South Carolina becomes the second state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
• Spanish defeat British forces and capture Menorca.
• In Calabria, a sequence of strong earthquakes begins.
• HMS Blenheim and HMS Java disappear off the coast of Rodrigues.

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• Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrelling sons, Caracalla and Geta, whom he had instructed to make peace.
• The coronation of Zhao Kuangyin as Emperor Taizu of Song, initiating the Song dynasty period of China that would last more than three centuries.
• A strong earthquake strikes the Ionian coast of Sicily, causing tens of thousands of injuries and deaths, especially in Catania.
• Thirteen Years' War: The Secret Council of the Prussian Confederation sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, sparking the Thirteen Years' War.
• John Rogers is burned at the stake, becoming the first English Protestant martyr under Mary I of England.
• In Edo (now Tokyo), all but one of the Forty-seven Ronin commit seppuku (ritual suicide) as recompense for avenging their master's death.
• The city of Macapá in Brazil is founded by Sebastião Veiga Cabral.
• George Washington is unanimously elected as the first President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.
• The French legislature abolishes slavery throughout all territories of the French First Republic. It would be reestablished in the French West Indies in 1802.
• The Riobamba earthquake strikes Ecuador, causing up to 40,000 casualties.
• John Marshall is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States.
• Napoleonic Wars: Britain seizes Guadeloupe.
• The Chilean Navy under the command of Lord Cochrane completes the two-day long Capture of Valdivia with just 300 men and two ships.
• The Ohio Legislature authorizes the construction of the Ohio and Erie Canal and the Miami and Erie Canal.

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• Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire.
• Bartolomeu Dias of Portugal lands in Mossel Bay after rounding the Cape of Good Hope, becoming the first known European to travel so far south.
• The Portuguese navy defeats a joint fleet of the Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Venice, the Sultan of Gujarat, the Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt, the Zamorin of Calicut, and the Republic of Ragusa at the Battle of Diu in Diu, India.
• Battle of São Vicente takes place off Portuguese Brazil where three English warships led by navigator Edward Fenton fight off three Spanish galleons sinking one in the process.
• Maratha forces under Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj defeat the Mughals in the Battle of Umberkhind.
• The colony of Massachusetts issues the first paper money in the Americas.
• During the Battle of Fraustadt Swedish forces defeat a superior Saxon-Polish-Russian force by deploying a double envelopment.
• American Revolutionary War: British forces seize the Dutch-owned Caribbean island Sint Eustatius.
• Militia led by General Benjamin Lincoln crush the remnants of Shays' Rebellion in Petersham, Massachusetts.
• A British military force, under Brigadier-General Sir Samuel Auchmuty captures the Spanish Empire city of Montevideo, now the capital of Uruguay.

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• Battle of Lüneburg Heath: King Louis III of France is defeated by the Norse Great Heathen Army at Lüneburg Heath in Saxony.
• Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor in nearly 40 years.
• Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor becomes king of Burgundy.
• The Battle of Lincoln, at which Stephen, King of England is defeated and captured by the allies of Empress Matilda.
• Terra Mariana, eventually comprising present-day Latvia and Estonia, is established.
• Wars of the Roses: The Battle of Mortimer's Cross results in the death of Owen Tudor.
• Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina.
• Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Battle of Inverlochy.
• New Amsterdam (later renamed The City of New York) is incorporated.

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• The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer.
• The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights (Prussia).
• The Chinese general Koxinga seizes the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege.
• The Kalabalik or Skirmish at Bender results from the Ottoman sultan's order that his unwelcome guest, King Charles XII of Sweden, be seized.
• French Revolutionary Wars: France declares war on the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
• Mayon in the Philippines erupts, killing around 1,200 people, the most devastating eruption of the volcano.
• Slavery is abolished in Mauritius.
• American Civil War: Texas secedes from the United States and joins the Confederacy a week later.
• Second Schleswig War: Prussian forces crossed the border into Schleswig, starting the war.
• President Abraham Lincoln signs the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
• The first volume (A to Ant) of the Oxford English Dictionary is published.
• Thomas A. Edison finishes construction of the first motion picture studio, the Black Maria in West Orange, New Jersey.

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• Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades.
• The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the throne as King Eric X of Sweden.
• The Treaty of Lyon ends the Italian War, confirming French domination of northern Italy, while Spain receives the Kingdom of Naples.
• Eighty Years' War and Anglo-Spanish War: The Battle of Gembloux is a victory for Spanish forces led by Don John of Austria over a rebel army of Dutch, Flemish, English, Scottish, German, French and Walloons.
• Gunpowder Plot: Four of the conspirators, including Guy Fawkes, are executed for treason by hanging, drawing and quartering, for plotting against Parliament and King James.
• The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Lock Hospital.
• Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina).
• After the Milwaukee Bridge War, the United States towns of Juneautown and Kilbourntown unify to create the City of Milwaukee.
• Alvan Graham Clark discovers the white dwarf star Sirius B, a companion of Sirius, through an 18.5-inch (47 cm) telescope now located at Northwestern University.
• American Civil War: The United States Congress passes the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, abolishing slavery, and submits it to the states for ratification.

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• Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen.
• King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom.
• An estimated 200 square miles (51,800 ha) along the coasts of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary in England are destroyed by massive flooding, resulting in an estimated 2,000 deaths.
• Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster and Osnabrück is signed, ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain.
• Charles I of England is executed in Whitehall, London.
• Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, is ritually executed more than two years after his death, on the 12th anniversary of the execution of the monarch he himself deposed.
• The Forty-seven rōnin, under the command of Ōishi Kuranosuke, avenge the death of their master, by killing Kira Yoshinaka.
• Tây Sơn forces emerge victorious against Qing armies and liberate the capital Thăng Long.
• The original Lower Trenton Bridge (also called the Trenton Makes the World Takes Bridge), which spans the Delaware River between Morrisville, Pennsylvania and Trenton, New Jersey, is opened.
• Edward Bransfield sights the Trinity Peninsula and claims the discovery of Antarctica.

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• Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher.
• Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler of the Buyid Empire. He is succeeded by Al-Muti as caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate.
• War of the Sixth Coalition: France defeats Russia and Prussia in the Battle of Brienne.
• Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore.
• "The Raven" is published in The Evening Mirror in New York, the first publication with the name of the author, Edgar Allan Poe.
• Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the U.S. Congress.
• Queen Victoria issues a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual that establishes the Victoria Cross to recognise acts of valour by British military personnel during the Crimean War.
• Kansas is admitted as the 34th U.S. state.
• The Bear River Massacre: A detachment of California Volunteers led by Colonel Patrick Edward Connor engage the Shoshone at Bear River, Washington Territory, killing hundreds of men, women and children.
• Karl Benz patents the first successful gasoline-driven automobile.
• Liliʻuokalani is proclaimed the last monarch and only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
• Charles Curtis of Kansas becomes the first Native American U.S. Senator.
• Mexican Revolution: Mexicali is captured by the Mexican Liberal Party, igniting the Magonista rebellion of 1911.

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