A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry IV of France to lift the siege of Paris.
• A hurricane has overrun a Spanish fleet bound from Havana to Cadiz and sunk the price galleon Atocha. Only 5 men were rescued, but 260 passengers and 200 million pessos were buried with the Atocha under 50 feet of water.
• Fall of Nicolas Fouquet: Louis XIV's Superintendent of Finances is arrested in Nantes by D'Artagnan, captain of the king's musketeers.
• Great Fire of London ends: Ten thousand buildings, including Old St Paul's Cathedral, are destroyed, but only six people are known to have died.
• War of the Grand Alliance : A French warship commanded by Captain Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville defeated an English squadron at the Battle of Hudson's Bay.
• In an effort to Westernize his nobility, Tsar Peter I of Russia imposes a tax on beards for all men except the clergy and peasantry.
• Wedding of Louis XV and Maria Leszczyńska.
• First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia.
• Battle of the Chesapeake in the American Revolutionary War: The British Navy is repelled by the French Navy, contributing to the British surrender at Yorktown.
• Olympe de Gouges writes the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen.
• French Revolution: The French National Convention initiates the Reign of Terror.

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• Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus ending the Western Roman Empire.
• Battle of Lenzen: Slavic forces (the Redarii and the Obotrites) are defeated by a Saxon army near the fortified stronghold of Lenzen in Brandenburg.
• The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of Manfred, King of Sicily, defeat the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti.
• The Treaty of Alcáçovas is signed by the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon on one side and Afonso V and his son, Prince John of Portugal.
• The Flight of the Earls takes place in Ireland.
• In London, England, the most destructive damage from the Great Fire occurs.
• New Caledonia is first sighted by Europeans, during the second voyage of Captain James Cook.
• Los Angeles is founded as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora La Reina de los Ángeles (The Village of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels) by 44 Spanish settlers.
• Coup of 18 Fructidor in France.
• The French garrison in Valletta surrenders to British troops who had been called at the invitation of the Maltese. The islands of Malta and Gozo become the Malta Protectorate.

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• San Marino, one of the smallest nations in the world and the world's oldest republic still in existence, is founded by Saint Marinus.
• King Wamba of the Visigoths puts down a revolt by Hilderic, governor of Nîmes (France) and rival for the throne.
• Major Byzantine victory at the Battle of Lalakaon against an Arab raid.
• Richard I of England (a.k.a. Richard "the Lionheart") is crowned at Westminster.
• The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.
• At the congress of Visegrád Charles I of Hungary mediates a reconciliation between two neighboring monarchs, John of Bohemia and Casimir III of Poland.
• The Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.
• Victory over the royalists in the Battle of Dunbar opens the way to Edinburgh for the New Model Army in the Third English Civil War.
• The Battle of Worcester is the last significant action in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.

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• The Treaty of Jaffa is signed between Richard I of England and Saladin, leading to the end of the Third Crusade.
• Entry of Mary, Queen of Scots into Edinburgh, a spectacular civic celebration for the Queen of Scotland, marred by religious controversy.
• The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.
• The Great Fire of London breaks out and burns for three days, destroying 10,000 buildings, including Old St Paul's Cathedral.
• Great Britain, along with its overseas possessions, adopts the Gregorian calendar.
• The United States Department of the Treasury is founded.
• During what became known as the September Massacres of the French Revolution, rampaging mobs slaughter three Roman Catholic bishops, more than two hundred priests, and prisoners believed to be royalist sympathizers.
• A massive landslide destroys the town of Goldau, Switzerland, killing 457.
• Napoleonic Wars: The British Royal Navy bombards Copenhagen with fire bombs and phosphorus rockets to prevent Denmark from surrendering its fleet to Napoleon.
• The Carrington Event is the strongest geomagnetic storm on record.
• American Civil War: United States President Abraham Lincoln reluctantly restores Union General George B. McClellan to full command after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run.

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• The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated.
• King Tvrtko I of Bosnia writes In castro nostro Vizoka vocatum from the Old town of Visoki.
• The Spanish fort of Sancti Spiritu, the first one built in modern Argentina, is destroyed by natives.
• Adi Granth, now known as Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhs, is first installed at Harmandir Sahib.
• Battle of Tippermuir: James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose defeats the Earl of Wemyss's Covenanters, reviving the Royalist cause.
• At the age of five, Louis XV becomes king of France in succession to his great-grandfather, King Louis XIV.
• Catherine II of Russia endorses Ivan Betskoy's plans for a Foundling Home in Moscow.
• The Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is founded in San Luis Obispo, California.
• Juno, one of the largest asteroids in the Main Belt, is discovered by the German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding.

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• After a sudden illness a few days previously, Byzantine Empress Theodora dies childless, thus ending the Macedonian dynasty.
• Abdication of Byzantine Emperor Michael VI Bringas after just one year.
• King Henry V of England dies of dysentery while in France. His son, Henry VI becomes King of England at the age of nine months.
• Pope Paul III excommunicates English King Henry VIII from the church. He drew up a papal bull of excommunication which began Eius qui immobilis.
• William Livingston, the first Governor of New Jersey, begins serving his first term.
• War of the First Coalition: The British capture Trincomalee (present-day Sri Lanka) from the Dutch in order to keep it out of French hands.
• Irish Rebellion: Irish rebels, with French assistance, establish the short-lived Republic of Connacht.
• Peninsular War: Spanish troops repel a French attack in the Battle of San Marcial.
• During the American Civil War, Union forces led by General William T. Sherman launch an assault on Atlanta.
• Ottoman Sultan Murad V is deposed and succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid II.
• The 7.0 Mw  Charleston earthquake affects southeastern South Carolina with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Sixty people killed with damage estimated at $5-6 million.
• Mary Ann Nichols is murdered. She is the first of Jack the Ripper's confirmed victims.

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• Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple.
• Peter III of Aragon lands at Trapani to intervene in the War of the Sicilian Vespers.
• The five-week Battle of Lake Poyang begins, in which the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders (Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang) meet to decide who will supplant the Yuan dynasty.
• Pope Paul II succeeds Pope Pius II as the 211th pope.
• Guru Ram Das becomes the Fourth Sikh Guru/Master.
• King James of Scotland holds a masque at the baptism of Prince Henry.
• The Great Northern War between Sweden and Russia ends in the Treaty of Nystad.
• Anne, eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain, is given the title Princess Royal.
• Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf: Russian force under Field Marshal Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin beats a smaller Prussian force commanded by Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt, during the Seven Years' War.

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• The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine Malta.
• Mainz Cathedral suffers extensive damage from a fire, which destroys the building on the day of its inauguration.
• Pope Urban IV succeeds Pope Alexander IV, becoming the 182nd pope.
• Battle of Montecatini: The army of the Republic of Pisa, commanded by Uguccione della Faggiuola, wins a decisive victory against the joint forces of the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Florence despite being outnumbered.
• Battle of Winchelsea (or Les Espagnols sur Mer): The English naval fleet under King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet of 40 ships.
• The Treaty of Picquigny ends a brief war between the kingdoms of France and England.
• Pope Innocent VIII succeeds Pope Sixtus IV.
• Vasco da Gama decides to depart Calicut and return to Kingdom of Portugal.
• The Ottoman Turks capture Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade).
• Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman Turks led by Suleiman the Magnificent defeat and kill the last Jagiellonian king of Hungary and Bohemia.
• The Ottoman Turks capture Buda, the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom.
• The city of Nuuk in Greenland is founded as the fort of Godt-Haab by the royal governor Claus Paarss.
• The eruption of Oshima-Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami: At least 2,000 people along the Japanese coast drown in a tsunami caused by the eruption of Oshima.

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• The Roman general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital city, Ravenna.
• Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way into Italy.
• Fatimah, daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, dies, with her cause of death being a controversial topic among the Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims.
• Silla-Tang armies crush the Baekje restoration attempt and force Yamato Japan to withdraw from Korea in the Battle of Baekgang.
• Third Crusade: The Crusaders begin the Siege of Acre under Guy of Lusignan.
• Ottoman wars in Europe: The Ottoman Turks occupy Belgrade.
• The Kaqchikel Maya rebel against their former Spanish allies during the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.
• Turkish-Portuguese War: Battle of Wofla: The Portuguese are scattered, their leader Christovão da Gama is captured and later executed.
• Pedro Menéndez de Avilés sights land near St. Augustine, Florida and founds the oldest continuously occupied European-established city in the continental United States.
• Henry Hudson discovers Delaware Bay.
• Election of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Second Bishop's War: King Charles I's English army loses to a Scottish Covenanter force at the Battle of Newburn.
• Second English Civil War: The Siege of Colchester ends when Royalists Forces surrender to the Parliamentary Forces after eleven weeks, during the Second English Civil War.
• Meidingnu Pamheiba is crowned King of Manipur.
• William Herschel discovers a new moon of Saturn: Enceladus.

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• The sacking of Rome by the Visigoths ends after three days.
• The Battle of St. Quentin results in Emmanuel Philibert becoming Duke of Savoy.
• Pierre Barrière failed an attempt to assassinate Henry IV of France.
• The Treaty of Nerchinsk is signed by Russia and the Qing Empire (Julian calendar).
• Battle of Long Island: In what is now Brooklyn, New York, British forces under General William Howe defeat Americans under General George Washington.
• Maryland 400: Members of the 1st Maryland Regiment repeatedly charged a numerically superior British force during the Battle of Long Island, allowing General Washington and the rest of the American troops to escape.
• French Revolutionary Wars: The city of Toulon revolts against the French Republic and admits the British and Spanish fleets to seize its port, leading to the Siege of Toulon by French Revolutionary forces.
• Wolfe Tone's United Irish and French forces clash with the British Army in the Battle of Castlebar, part of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, resulting in the creation of the French puppet Republic of Connacht.
• French Emperor Napoleon I defeats a larger force of Austrians, Russians, and Prussians at the Battle of Dresden.
• Brazil and Argentina recognize the sovereignty of Uruguay in the Treaty of Montevideo
• Black Hawk, leader of the Sauk tribe of Native Americans, surrenders to U.S. authorities, ending the Black Hawk War.
• Petroleum is discovered in Titusville, Pennsylvania leading to the world's first commercially successful oil well.

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