A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• The Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, and soon gain control of most of Anatolia.
• Ladislaus IV of Hungary and Rudolf I of Germany defeat Ottokar II of Bohemia in the Battle on the Marchfeld near Dürnkrut in (then) Moravia.
• Chittorgarh falls to the Delhi Sultanate, after which thirty thousand Hindu inhabitants are killed.
• At the Battle of Crécy, an English army easily defeats a French one twice its size.
• Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs: A vastly outnumbered force of Swiss Confederates is defeated by the Dauphin Louis (future Louis XI of France) and his army of 'Armagnacs' near Basel.
• Francisco de Orellana crosses South America from Guayaquil on the Pacific coast to the mouth of the Amazon River on the Atlantic coast.
• Jesuits all over Chile are arrested as the Spanish Empire suppresses the Society of Jesus.
• Captain James Cook sets sail from England on board HMS Endeavour.
• The first recorded ascent of Triglav, the highest mountain in Slovenia.
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is approved by the National Constituent Assembly of France.
• John Fitch is granted a United States patent for the steamboat.

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• The Roman general Germanicus dies near Antioch. He was convinced that the mysterious illness that ended in his death was a result of poisoning by the Syrian governor Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, whom he had ordered to leave the province.
• The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III, the Archbishop of Utrecht.
• Regent George Mouzalon and his brothers are killed during a coup headed by the aristocratic faction under Michael VIII Palaiologos, paving the way for its leader to ultimately usurp the throne of the Empire of Nicaea.
• Philip III, although suffering from dysentery, becomes King of France following the death of his father Louis IX, during the Eighth Crusade. His uncle, Charles I of Naples, is forced to begin peace negotiations with Muhammad I al-Mustansir, Hafsid Sultan of Tunis.
• The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed.
• António Mota and a few companions become the first Europeans to visit Japan.
• War of the Portuguese Succession: Spanish victory at the Battle of Alcântara brings about the Iberian Union.
• Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers.
• Portuguese forces are defeated by the Kingdom of Kandy at the Battle of Randeniwela in Sri Lanka.
• Seven Years' War: Frederick II of Prussia defeats the Russian army at the Battle of Zorndorf.
• War of 1812: On the second day of the Burning of Washington, British troops torch the Library of Congress, United States Treasury, Department of War, and other public buildings.

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• Gratian, son of Roman Emperor Valentinian I, is named co-Augustus at the age of eight by his father.
• The Visigoths under king Alaric I begin to pillage Rome.
• Sack of Thessalonica by the Normans.
• King John of England, signer of the first Magna Carta, marries Isabella of Angoulême in Angoulême Cathedral.
• Six thousand Jews are killed in Mainz after being blamed for the bubonic plague.
• The town and castle of Berwick upon Tweed is captured from Scotland by an English army.
• The Ottoman Empire under Selim I defeats the Mamluk Sultanate and captures present-day Syria at the Battle of Marj Dabiq.
• The first official English representative to India lands in Surat.

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• Odoacer, chieftain of the Germanic tribes (Herulic - Scirian foederati), is proclaimed rex Italiae ("King of Italy") by his troops.
• Siege of Jerusalem: The city's citadel, the Tower of David, surrenders to Khwarezmian Empire.
• The Battle of Tagliacozzo marks the fall of the Hohenstaufen family from the Imperial and Sicilian thrones, and leading to the new chapter of Angevin domination in Southern Italy.
• Sir William Wallace is executed for high treason at Smithfield, London.
• Battle of Cassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers.
• Siege of Moscow: The Golden Horde led by Tokhtamysh lays siege to the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
• The Battle of Chaldiran ends with a decisive victory for the Sultan Selim I, Ottoman Empire, over the Shah Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty.
• Christian II of Denmark is deposed as king of Sweden and Gustav Vasa is elected regent.
• French explorer Jacques Cartier lands near Quebec City in his third voyage to Canada.
• French Wars of Religion: Mob violence against thousands of Huguenots in Paris results in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.

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• Battle of the Standard between Scotland and England.
• The Battle of Bosworth Field, the death of Richard III and the end of the House of Plantagenet.
• Bartolomé Carranza, Spanish archbishop, is arrested for heresy.
• Madras (now Chennai), India, is founded by the British East India Company on a sliver of land bought from local Nayak rulers.
• Charles I raises his standard in Nottingham, which marks the beginning of the English Civil War.
• Jacob Barsimson arrives in New Amsterdam. He is the first known Jewish immigrant to America.
• Spanish troops land on Sardinia.
• James Cook names and lands on Possession Island, and claims the east coast of Australia for Britain as New South Wales.
• British forces abandon the Siege of Fort Stanwix after hearing rumors of Continental Army reinforcements.

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• Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège.
• Battle of the Blacks: Uprising by the black African forces of the Fatimid army, along with a number of Egyptian emirs and commoners, against Saladin. The uprising is defeated after two days, consolidating Saladin's position as master of Egypt.
• King Stefan Uroš III, after months of anarchy, surrenders to his son and rival Stefan Dušan, who succeeds as King of Serbia.
• Henry the Navigator leads Portuguese forces to victory over the Marinids at the Conquest of Ceuta.
• Pueblo Indians capture Santa Fe from the Spanish during the Pueblo Revolt.
• The Battle of Dunkeld in Scotland.
• Seventh Ottoman-Venetian War: The arrival of naval reinforcements and the news of the Battle of Petrovaradin force the Ottomans to abandon the Siege of Corfu, thus preserving the Ionian Islands under Venetian rule.
• James Cook formally claims eastern Australia for Great Britain, naming it New South Wales.
• King Gustav III completes his coup d'état by adopting a new Constitution, ending half a century of parliamentary rule in Sweden and installing himself as an enlightened despot.
• A Vodou ceremony, led by Dutty Boukman, turns into a violent slave rebellion, beginning the Haitian Revolution.
• Battle of Vimeiro: British and Portuguese forces led by General Arthur Wellesley defeat French force under Major-General Jean-Andoche Junot near the village of Vimeiro, Portugal, the first Anglo-Portuguese victory of the Peninsular War.
• Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France, is elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates.

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• Baldwin III of Jerusalem takes control of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from his mother Melisende, and also captures Ascalon.
• Pope Pius II is elected the 211th Pope.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, aged 18, returns to Scotland after spending 13 years in France.
• Eighty Years War: a besieging Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Orange forces the Spanish garrison of Sluis to capitulate.
• The "Samlesbury witches", three women from the Lancashire village of Samlesbury, England, are put on trial, accused of practicing witchcraft, one of the most famous witch trials in British history.
• Second Anglo-Dutch War: Rear Admiral Robert Holmes leads a raid on the Dutch island of Terschelling, destroying 150 merchant ships, an act later known as "Holmes's Bonfire".
• Prince Charles Edward Stuart raises his standard in Glenfinnan: The start of the Second Jacobite Rebellion, known as "the 45".
• Battle of Lagos: Naval battle during the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France.
• Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, in which he assumes power and enacts a new constitution that divides power between the Riksdag and the King.

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• The Siege of Málaga ends with the taking of the city by Castilian and Aragonese forces.
• The first grammar of the Spanish language (Gramática de la lengua castellana) is presented to Queen Isabella I.
• Marriage in Paris, France, of the Huguenot King Henry III of Navarre to Margaret of Valois, in a supposed attempt to reconcile Protestants and Catholics.
• John White, the governor of the Roanoke Colony, returns from a supply trip to England and finds his settlement deserted.
• The trial of the Pendle witches, one of England's most famous witch trials, begins at Lancaster Assizes.
• Urbain Grandier, accused and convicted of sorcery, is burned alive in Loudun, France.
• A huge fireball meteor is seen across Great Britain as it passes over the east coast.

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• Pope Leo II begins his pontificate.
• Byzantine-Bulgarian wars: Battle of the Gates of Trajan: The Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Samuel and Aron defeat the Byzantine forces at the Gate of Trajan, with Byzantine Emperor Basil II barely escaping.
• Hundred Years' War: Battle of Verneuil: An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under Jean II, Duke of Alençon, John Stewart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas.
• Cesare Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI, becomes the first person in history to resign the cardinalate; later that same day, King Louis XII of France names him Duke of Valentinois.
• Battle of Sampford Courtenay: The Prayer Book Rebellion is quashed in England.
• The Catholic Church is overthrown and Protestantism is established as the national religion in Scotland.
• Eighty Years' War: Siege of Antwerp: Antwerp is captured by Spanish forces under Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, who orders Protestants to leave the city and as a result over half of the 100,000 inhabitants flee to the northern provinces.
• A first group of colonists sent by Sir Walter Raleigh under the charge of Ralph Lane lands in the New World to create Roanoke Colony on Roanoke Island, off the coast of present-day North Carolina.

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• Start of the four-day Battle of al-Mada'in, between the Hamdanids of Mosul and the Baridis of Basra over control of the Abbasid capital, Baghdad.
• Nikephoros II Phokas is crowned emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
• Battle of the Spurs (Battle of Guinegate): King Henry VIII of England and his Imperial allies defeat French Forces who are then forced to retreat.
• The Principality of Transylvania is established after John II Zápolya renounces his claim as King of Hungary in the Treaty of Speyer.
• Battle of Plymouth: Inconclusive naval action between the fleets of Michiel de Ruyter and George Ayscue in the First Anglo-Dutch War.
• American Revolutionary War: The Americans led by General John Stark rout British and Brunswick troops under Friedrich Baum at the Battle of Bennington in Walloomsac, New York.
• American Revolutionary War: Battle of Camden: The British defeat the Americans near Camden, South Carolina.
• Maximilien de Robespierre presents the petition of the Commune of Paris to the Legislative Assembly, which demanded the formation of a revolutionary tribunal.
• French Revolution: A levée en masse is decreed by the National Convention.
• War of 1812: American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit without a fight to the British Army.

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