A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Roman armies enter Betar, slaughtering thousands and ending the Bar Kokhba revolt.
• Battle of Maserfield: Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Northumbria.
• The Battle of Alhandic is fought between Ramiro II of León and Abd-ar-Rahman III at Zamora in the context of the Spanish Reconquista. The battle resulted in a victory for the Emirate of Córdoba.
• Byzantine-Norman wars: Italo-Normans begin a nearly-three-year siege of Bari.
• Henry I is crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey.
• The Battle of Otterburn, a border skirmish between the Scottish and the English in Northern England, is fought near Otterburn.
• The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Crimean Khanate in the Battle of Kletsk.
• Sir Humphrey Gilbert establishes the first English colony in North America, at what is now St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.
• The Gowrie Conspiracy against King James VI of Scotland (later to become King James I of England) takes place.
• The Mayflower departs from Southampton, England, carrying would-be settlers, on its first attempt to reach North America; it is forced to dock in Dartmouth when its companion ship, the Speedwell, springs a leak.
• Beaver Wars: Fifteen hundred Iroquois attack Lachine in New France.

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• Second Barons' War: Battle of Evesham: The army of Prince Edward (the future king Edward I of England) defeats the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, killing de Montfort and many of his allies.
• Battle of Al Kasr al Kebir: The Moroccans defeat the Portuguese. King Sebastian of Portugal is killed in the battle, leaving his elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, as his heir. This initiates a succession crisis in Portugal.
• Great Peace of Montreal between New France and First Nations is signed.
• War of the Spanish Succession: Gibraltar is captured by an English and Dutch fleet, commanded by Admiral Sir George Rooke and allied with Archduke Charles.
• Mount Asama erupts in Japan, killing about 1,400 people (Tenmei eruption). The eruption causes a famine, which results in an additional 20,000 deaths.
• France: abolition of feudalism by the National Constituent Assembly.
• A newly passed tariff act creates the Revenue Cutter Service (the forerunner of the United States Coast Guard).

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• Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor Theodosius II to a monastery in Egypt.
• Olaf II of Norway is canonized as Saint Olaf by Grimketel, the English Bishop of Selsey.
• The Siege of Algeciras commences during the Spanish Reconquista.
• Christopher Columbus sets sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain.
• The first known letter from North America is sent by John Rut while at St. John's, Newfoundland.
• Long War: Austria captures Transylvania in the Battle of Goroszló.
• Thirty Years' War: The Second Battle of Nördlingen sees French forces defeating those of the Holy Roman Empire.

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• Majorian is arrested near Tortona (northern Italy) and deposed by the Suebian general Ricimer as puppet emperor.
• After a two-years siege, the city of Toledo, in Spain, surrenders to the forces of the Caliph of Córdoba Abd al-Rahman III, assuming an important victory in his campaign to subjugate the Central March.
• Edward I of England returns from the Ninth Crusade and is crowned King seventeen days later.
• Russian troops are defeated by forces of the Blue Horde Khan Arapsha in the Battle on Pyana River.
• During Henry Hudson's search for the Northwest Passage, he sails into what is now known as Hudson Bay.
• The first United States Census is conducted.
• French Revolutionary Wars: The Battle of the Nile concludes in a British victory.

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• Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, is captured by the Aghlabid army, concluding the Muslim conquest of Sicily.
• Isaac II Angelos, restored Byzantine Emperor, declares his son Alexios IV Angelos co-emperor after pressure from the forces of the Fourth Crusade.
• The Old Swiss Confederacy is formed with the signature of the Federal Charter.
• Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to visit what is now Venezuela.
• The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus is concluded, by the surrender of Famagusta.
• Speedwell leaves Delfshaven to bring pilgrims to America by way of England.
• Ottoman forces are defeated in the battle of Saint Gotthard by an Austrian army led by Raimondo Montecuccoli, resulting in the Peace of Vasvár.
• George, Elector of Hanover, becomes King George I of Great Britain, marking the beginning of the Georgian era of British history.
• Seven Years' War: The Battle of Minden, an allied Anglo-German army victory over the French. In Britain this was one of a number of events that constituted the Annus Mirabilis of 1759 and is celebrated as Minden Day by certain British Army regiments.

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• Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant: The French army is defeated by the English at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.
• Jacques Cœur is arrested by order of Charles VII of France.
• All remaining Jews are expelled from Spain when the Alhambra Decree takes effect.
• On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad.
• Maurice, Prince of Orange disbands the waardgelders militia in Utrecht, a pivotal event in the Remonstrant/Counter-Remonstrant tensions.
• Russo-Polish War (1654-67): The Russian army enters the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, which it holds for six years.
• Aurangzeb is proclaimed Mughal emperor of India.
• Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the crime of seditious libel after publishing a politically satirical pamphlet, but is pelted with flowers.

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• First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council.
• Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off the coast of Honduras during his fourth voyage.
• Beaver Wars: At Ticonderoga (now Crown Point, New York), Samuel de Champlain shoots and kills two Iroquois chiefs on behalf of his native allies.
• In Jamestown, Virginia, the first Colonial European representative assembly in the Americas, the Virginia General Assembly, convenes for the first time.
• An earthquake kills about 5,000 people in Gargano, Italy.
• Eighty Years' War: The Siege of Schenkenschans begins; Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, begins the recapture of the strategically important fortress from the Spanish Army.
• The Battle of Warsaw ends with a Swedish-Brandenburger victory over a larger Polish-Lithuanian force.
• Nathaniel Bacon issues the "Declaration of the People of Virginia", beginning Bacon's Rebellion against the rule of Governor William Berkeley.
• The first Masonic Grand Lodge in the future United States is constituted in Massachusetts.

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• The Praetorian Guard storm the palace and capture Pupienus and Balbinus. They are dragged through the streets of Rome and executed. On the same day, Gordian III, age 13, is proclaimed emperor, the sixth emperor of the year.
• Sack of Thessalonica: Saracen raiders under Leo of Tripoli sack Thessaloniki, the Byzantine Empire's second-largest city, after a short siege, and plunder it for a week.
• Battle of Firenzuola: Lombard forces under King Rudolph II and Adalbert I, margrave of Ivrea, defeat the dethroned Emperor Berengar I of Italy at Firenzuola (Tuscany).
• Count Dirk III defeats an army sent by Emperor Henry II in the Battle of Vlaardingen.
• Ladejarl-Fairhair succession wars: Battle of Stiklestad: King Olaf II fights and dies trying to regain his Norwegian throne from the Danes.
• The Siege of Damascus ends in a decisive crusader defeat and leads to the disintegration of the Second Crusade.
• The widowed Mary, Queen of Scots marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Duke of Albany, at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, Scotland.
• The infant James VI is crowned King of Scotland at Stirling.
• Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: English naval forces under the command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake defeat the Spanish Armada off the coast of Gravelines, France.
• War of the Grand Alliance: Battle of Landen: France wins a Pyrrhic victory over Allied forces in the Netherlands.
• Founding of the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Corps: General George Washington appoints William Tudor as Judge Advocate of the Continental Army.

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• Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.
• In the Eighty Years' War, the Spanish capture the strategic Dutch fortress of Schenkenschans.
• Second Northern War: Battle of Warsaw begins.
• on 28 July, the composer, organist and harpsichordist Johann Sebastian Bach dies.
• French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France.
• Mahmud II became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.
• Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force led by Joseph Bonaparte.

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• Georgian-Seljuk wars: At the Battle of Basian the Kingdom of Georgia defeats the Sultanate of Rum.
• Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France decisively defeats Imperial, English and Flemish armies, effectively ending John of England's Angevin Empire.
• According to Edward Gibbon, Osman I invades the territory of Nicomedia for the first time, usually considered to be the founding day of the Ottoman state.
• The Jesuit priest Francis Xavier's ship reaches Japan.
• The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports. After the Acts of Union 1707, Scotland would be included in the Act.
• Glorious Revolution: The Battle of Killiecrankie is a victory for the Jacobites.
• A Royal charter is granted to the Bank of England.
• The Great Northern War: The first significant victory of the Russian Navy in the naval battle of Gangut against the Swedish Navy near the Hanko Peninsula.
• Founding of the U.S. Army Medical Department: The Second Continental Congress passes legislation establishing "an hospital for an army consisting of 20,000 men."
• American Revolution: First Battle of Ushant: British and French fleets fight to a standoff.
• The first U.S. federal government agency, the Department of Foreign Affairs, is established (it will be later renamed Department of State).
• French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre is arrested after encouraging the execution of more than 17,000 "enemies of the Revolution".

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