A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Arab-Byzantine wars: The Battle of Yarmouk between Byzantine Empire and Rashidun Caliphate begins.
• The Battle of Roncevaux Pass takes place between the army of Charlemagne and a Basque army.
• Noble Erchana of Dahauua grants the Bavarian town of Dachau to the Diocese of Freising
• The Saracens conquer and destroy Taranto.
• Holy Roman Emperor Otto II is defeated by the Saracens in the Battle of Capo Colonna, in Calabria.
• Byzantine general Eustathios Daphnomeles blinds and captures Ibatzes of Bulgaria by a ruse, thereby ending Bulgarian resistance against Emperor Basil II's conquest of Bulgaria.
• King Stephen I, the first king of Hungary, dies; his nephew, Peter Orseolo, succeeds him.
• King Macbeth is killed at the Battle of Lumphanan by the forces of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada.

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• King Duncan I is killed in battle against his first cousin and rival Macbeth. The latter succeeds him as King of Scotland.
• Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, grants city privileges to Karlovy Vary.
• Portuguese Crisis of 1383-85: Battle of Aljubarrota: Portuguese forces commanded by John I of Portugal defeat the Castilian army of John I of Castile.
• The first sighting of the Falkland Islands by John Davis.
• Nine Years' War: Battle of the Yellow Ford: Irish forces under Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, defeat an English expeditionary force under Henry Bagenal.
• The Spanish military Villasur expedition is defeated by Pawnee and Otoe warriors near present-day Columbus, Nebraska.
• Slaves from plantations in Saint-Domingue hold a Vodou ceremony led by houngan Dutty Boukman at Bois Caïman, marking the start of the Haitian Revolution.
• A cease fire agreement, called the Convention of Moss, ended the Swedish-Norwegian War.
• The United Kingdom formally annexes the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, administering the islands from the Cape Colony in South Africa.
• American Indian Wars: Second Seminole War ends, with the Seminoles forced from Florida.

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• John I becomes the new Pope after the death of Pope Hormisdas.
• Count Reginar I of Hainault rises against Zwentibold of Lotharingia and slays him near present-day Susteren.
• Raniero is elected as Pope Paschal II.
• After an extended siege, forces led by Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés capture Tlatoani Cuauhtémoc and conquer the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
• Union of Brittany and France: The Duchy of Brittany is absorbed into the Kingdom of France.
• Michael Servetus is arrested by John Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland as a heretic.
• The French king Louis XIII appoints Cardinal Richelieu as prime minister.
• Sweden and Denmark sign Peace of Brömsebro.
• Colonel George Monck of the English Army forms Monck's Regiment of Foot, which will later become the Coldstream Guards.
• War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Blenheim: English and Imperial forces are victorious over French and Bavarian troops.

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• First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid forces led by Al-Afdal Shahanshah. This is considered the last engagement of the First Crusade.
• Battle of Didgori: The Georgian army under King David IV wins a decisive victory over the famous Seljuk commander Ilghazi.
• Battle of Harim: Nur ad-Din Zangi defeats the Crusader armies of the County of Tripoli and the Principality of Antioch.
• The Treaty of Nöteborg between Sweden and Novgorod Republic is signed, regulating the border between the two countries for the first time.
• Christopher Columbus arrives in the Canary Islands on his first voyage to the New World.
• First engagement of the Battle of Zonchio between Venetian and Ottoman fleets.
• Treaty of Allahabad is signed. The Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning of Company rule in India.
• The Anjala conspiracy is signed.

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• Battle of Adda: The Goths under Theodoric the Great and his ally Alaric II defeat the forces of Odoacer on the Adda River, near Milan.
• Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Dupplin Moor: Scots under Domhnall II, Earl of Mar are routed by Edward Balliol.
• The Battle of Otlukbeli: Mehmed the Conqueror of the Ottoman Empire decisively defeats Uzun Hassan of Aq Qoyunlu.
• Rodrigo de Borja is elected as Head of the Catholic Church, taking the name Pope Alexander VI
• Captain Francis Light establishes the British colony of Penang in Malaysia.
• Francis II assumes the title of first Emperor of Austria.
• Peninsular War: French troops engage British-Portuguese forces in the Battle of Majadahonda.
• In Colombia, Juan del Corral declares the independence of Antioquia.
• The Eiger in the Bernese Alps is ascended for the first time by Charles Barrington accompanied by Christian Almer and Peter Bohren.

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• Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I.
• Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West.
• Battle of Maldon: The English, led by Byrhtnoth, Ealdorman of Essex, are defeated by a band of inland-raiding Vikings near Maldon, Essex.
• The Battle of Azaz ends with a humiliating retreat of the Byzantine emperor, Romanos III Argyros, against the Mirdasid rulers of Aleppo. The retreat degenerates into a rout, in which Romanos himself barely escapes capture.
• Yekuno Amlak takes the imperial throne of Ethiopia, restoring the Solomonic dynasty to power after a 100-year Zagwe interregnum.
• The Second Battle of Athenry takes place near Athenry during the Bruce campaign in Ireland.
• Jaume Ferrer sets out from Majorca for the "River of Gold", the Senegal River.
• The naval Battle of Saint-Mathieu, during the War of the League of Cambrai, sees the simultaneous destruction of the Breton ship La Cordelière and the English ship The Regent.
• Ferdinand Magellan's five ships set sail from Seville to circumnavigate the globe. The Basque second-in-command Juan Sebastián Elcano will complete the expedition after Magellan's death in the Philippines.
• Battle of St. Quentin: Spanish victory over the French in the Italian War of 1551-59.
• The Treaty of Nonsuch signed by Elizabeth I of England and the Dutch Rebels.

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• Construction of the campanile of the Cathedral of Pisa (now known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa) begins; it will take two centuries to complete.
• Quilon, the first Indian Christian Diocese, is erected by Pope John XXII; the French-born Jordanus is appointed the first Bishop.
• The First Anglo-Powhatan War begins in colonial Virginia.
• Napoleon annexes Westphalia as part of the First French Empire.
• Indian Wars: The Creek sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson, giving up huge parts of Alabama and Georgia.
• Louis Philippe becomes the king of the French following abdication of Charles X.
• The Webster-Ashburton Treaty is signed, establishing the United States-Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains.
• American Civil War: Battle of Cedar Mountain: At Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson narrowly defeats Union forces under General John Pope.
• Indian Wars: Battle of the Big Hole: A small band of Nez Percé Indians clash with the United States Army.

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• Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula.
• King James IV of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh, Scotland.
• Krishnadeva Raya is crowned Emperor of Vijayanagara at Chittoor.
• The cornerstone for Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg observatory is laid on the island of Hven.
• John Davis enters Cumberland Sound in search of the Northwest Passage.
• Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: The naval engagement ends, ending the Spanish Armada's attempt to invade England.
• The city of Oulu, Finland, is founded by Charles IX of Sweden.

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• Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the magister militum Ricimer.
• Pope Stephen III is elected to office, and quickly seeks Frankish protection against the Lombard threat, since the Byzantine Empire is no longer able to help.
• Coronation of King Otto I of Germany.
• The brigantine Le Griffon, commissioned by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the south-eastern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes of North America.
• George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit to honor soldiers wounded in battle. It is later renamed to the more poetic Purple Heart.
• The United States Department of War is established.
• American troops destroy the Miami town of Kenapacomaqua near the site of present-day Logansport, Indiana in the Northwest Indian War.

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• The Republic of Pisa is defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Republic of Genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the Mediterranean.
• Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.
• American Revolutionary War: The bloody Battle of Oriskany prevents American relief of the Siege of Fort Stanwix.
• Sixty proof sheets of the Constitution of the United States are delivered to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares the moribund empire to be dissolved, although he retains power in the Austrian Empire.
• Norwich University is founded in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States.
• Peruvian War of Independence: The Battle of Junín.
• The Bolivian Declaration of Independence is proclaimed.
• Britain imposes the Lagos Treaty of Cession to suppress slavery in what is now Nigeria.
• American Civil War: The Confederate ironclad CSS Arkansas is scuttled on the Mississippi River after suffering catastrophic engine failure near Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
• Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Spicheren is fought, resulting in a Prussian victory.
• Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Wörth results in a decisive Prussian victory.

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