A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I.
• Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seriously wounded.
• Rout of an alliance of Christian troops from Navarre and Léon against the Muslims at the Battle of Valdejunquera.
• Henry VII is recognized King of the Romans by Pope Clement V.
• The Emperor Krishnadevaraya ascends to the throne, marking the beginning of the regeneration of the Vijayanagara Empire.
• Francisco Pizarro González, Spanish conquistador, is appointed governor of Peru.
• Francis Drake, the English explorer, discovers a major bay on the coast of California (San Francisco).
• Plakkaat van Verlatinghe (Act of Abjuration): The northern Low Countries declare their independence from the Spanish king, Philip II.
• During the Bavarian Rummel the rural population of Tyrol drove the Bavarian Prince-Elector Maximilian II Emanuel out of North Tyrol with a victory at the Pontlatzer Bridge and thus prevented the Bavarian Army, which was allied with France, from marching as planned on Vienna during the War of the Spanish Succession.
• French and Indian War: The Siege of Louisbourg ends with British forces defeating the French and taking control of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
• The office that would later become the United States Post Office Department is established by the Second Continental Congress. Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania takes office as Postmaster General.
• New York ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the 11th state of the United States.
• The Surrey Iron Railway, arguably the world's first public railway, opens in south London, United Kingdom.

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• Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
• Climax of the Siege of Thessalonica by the Slavs in a three-day assault on the city walls.
• Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Prince Louis, later King Louis VII of France, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux.
• Battle of Ourique: The Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques who is proclaimed King of Portugal.
• The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.
• The Battle of Molinella: The first battle in Italy in which firearms are used extensively.
• Sebastián de Belalcázar on his search of El Dorado founds the city of Santiago de Cali.
• The city of Guayaquil is founded by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana and given the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil.

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• Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
• Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
• Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle: King Edward I of England takes the stronghold using the War Wolf.
• Battle of Harlaw, one of the bloodiest battles in Scotland, takes place.
• French explorer Jacques Cartier plants a cross on the Gaspé Peninsula and takes possession of the territory in the name of Francis I of France.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, is forced to abdicate and replaced by her one-year-old son James VI.
• Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founds the trading post at Fort Pontchartrain, which later becomes the city of Detroit.
• The Kingdom of Georgia and the Russian Empire sign the Treaty of Georgievsk.
• War of 1812: General Phineas Riall advances toward the Niagara River to halt Jacob Brown's American invaders.
• Afro-Chileans are emancipated.
• In Maracaibo, Venezuela, the naval Battle of Lake Maracaibo takes place, where Admiral José Prudencio Padilla defeats the Spanish Navy, thus culminating the independence for the Gran Colombia.
• After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City.

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• Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I plunders the Bulgarian capital of Pliska and captures Khan Krum's treasury.
• A Knights Hospitaller fleet scores a crushing victory over an Aydinid fleet off Chios.
• Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe, France.
• Scanian War: Denmark-Norway captures the harbor town of Marstrand from Sweden.
• Kingdom of Prussia re-conquers Mainz from France.
• While the Mora Rebellion continues, Greeks capture Monemvasia Castle. Turkish troops and citizens are transferred to Asia Minor's coasts.
• In the United States, William Austin Burt patents the typographer, a precursor to the typewriter.
• The Province of Canada is created by the Act of Union.

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• Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids.
• First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Jerusalem.
• Massacre at Béziers: The first major military action of the Albigensian Crusade.
• Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Falkirk: King Edward I of England and his longbowmen defeat William Wallace and his Scottish schiltrons outside the town of Falkirk.
• St. Mary Magdalene's flood is the worst such event on record for central Europe.
• Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl in the Old Zürich War.
• Ottoman wars in Europe: Siege of Belgrade: John Hunyadi, Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary, defeats Mehmet II of the Ottoman Empire.
• Battle of Lochmaben Fair: A 500-man raiding party led by Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany and James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas are defeated by Scots forces loyal to Albany's brother James III of Scotland; Douglas is captured.
• Battle of Dornach: The Swiss decisively defeat the army of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Roanoke Colony: A second group of English settlers arrives on Roanoke Island off North Carolina to re-establish the deserted colony.
• The Dutch city of Groningen defended by the Spanish and besieged by a Dutch and English army under Maurice of Orange, capitulates.
• William Shakespeare’s play, The Merchant of Venice, is entered on the Stationers’ Register. By decree of Queen Elizabeth, the Stationers’ Register licensed printed works, giving the Crown tight control over all published material.
• Albany, New York is formally chartered as a municipality by Governor Thomas Dongan.

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• Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope.
• Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar and co-ruler.
• The 365 Crete earthquake affected the Greek island of Crete with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), causing a destructive tsunami that affects the coasts of Libya and Egypt, especially Alexandria. Many thousands were killed.
• Battle of Taillebourg: Louis IX of France puts an end to the revolt of his vassals Henry III of England and Hugh X of Lusignan.
• Battle of Shrewsbury: King Henry IV of England defeats rebels to the north of the county town of Shropshire, England.
• Eighty Years' War: Battle of Jemmingen: Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva defeats Louis of Nassau.
• The Raid on Málaga takes place during the Anglo-Spanish War.
• The Treaty of Passarowitz between the Ottoman Empire, Austria and the Republic of Venice is signed.
• Russo-Turkish War (1768-74): Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca ending the war.
• French campaign in Egypt and Syria: Napoleon's forces defeat an Ottoman-Mamluk army near Cairo in the Battle of the Pyramids.
• Inauguration of Leopold I of Belgium, first king of the Belgians.

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• Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots.
• Kardam of Bulgaria defeats Byzantine Emperor Constantine VI at the Battle of Marcellae.
• Richard I of England officially invested as Duke of Normandy.
• The Battle of Kellistown was fought on this day between the forces of the English led by Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March against the O'Byrnes and O'Tooles under the command of Art Óg mac Murchadha Caomhánach, the most powerful Chieftain in Leinster.
• Ottoman-Timurid Wars: Battle of Ankara: Timur, ruler of Timurid Empire, defeats forces of the Ottoman Empire sultan Bayezid I.
• During the first Japanese invasion of Korea, Japanese forces led by Toyotomi Hideyoshi captured Pyongyang, although they were ultimately unable to hold it.
• A fire in Oulu, Finland almost completely destroyed the fourth district, which covered the southern part of the city and was by far the largest of the city districts.
• Seventh Ottoman-Venetian War: The Ottoman Empire captures Nauplia, the capital of the Republic of Venice's "Kingdom of the Morea", thereby opening the way to the swift Ottoman reconquest of the Morea.
• Canadian explorer Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye reaches the western shore of Lake Michigan.
• Tekle Giyorgis I begins his first of six reigns as Emperor of Ethiopia.
• Nicéphore Niépce is awarded a patent by Napoleon for the Pyréolophore, the world's first internal combustion engine, after it successfully powered a boat upstream on the river Saône in France.
• Citizens of Bogotá, New Granada declare independence from Spain.

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• Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is recognized in Antioch and makes it his capital.
• Battle of Simancas: King Ramiro II of León defeats the Moorish army under Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III near the city of Simancas.
• Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Halidon Hill: The English win a decisive victory over the Scots.
• Italian War of 1542-46: The first Siege of Boulogne begins.
• The Tudor warship Mary Rose sinks off Portsmouth; in 1982 the wreck is salvaged in one of the most complex and expensive projects in the history of maritime archaeology.
• The attempt to install Lady Jane Grey as Queen of England collapses after only nine days.
• Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is sighted in the English Channel.
• Great Northern War: A numerically superior Polish-Saxon army of Augustus II the Strong, operating from an advantageous defensive position, is defeated by a Swedish army half its size under the command of King Charles XII in the Battle of Klissow.

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• Battle of Alarcos: Almohad forces defeat the Castilian army of Alfonso VIII and force its retreat to Toledo.
• King Edward I of England issues the Edict of Expulsion, banishing all Jews (numbering about 16,000) from England; this was Tisha B'Av on the Hebrew calendar, a day that commemorates many Jewish calamities.
• The bishop of Florence blesses the first foundation stone for the new campanile (bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral, designed by the artist Giotto di Bondone.
• France and England agree to the Truce of Leulinghem, inaugurating a 13-year peace, the longest period of sustained peace during the Hundred Years' War.
• Tokhtamysh-Timur war: Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde in present-day southeast Russia.
• In Brussels, Prince Charles I is crowned Duke of Burgundy and Count of Flanders, a year after inheriting the title.
• The College of Arms is reincorporated by Royal charter signed by Queen Mary I of England and King Philip II of Spain.
• A gunpowder magazine explosion in Birgu, Malta, kills around 200 people.
• Coronation of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil.
• Louis Faidherbe, French governor of Senegal, arrives to relieve French forces at Kayes, effectively ending El Hajj Umar Tall's war against the French.

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• Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world.
• Damasus II is elected pope, and dies 23 days later.
• The Fourth Crusade assaults Constantinople. The Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos flees from his capital into exile.
• Zhu Di, better known by his era name as the Yongle Emperor, assumes the throne over the Ming dynasty of China.
• Hundred Years' War: Charles VII of France is crowned the King of France in the Reims Cathedral after a successful campaign by Joan of Arc.
• Battle of Castillon: The last battle of Hundred Years' War, the French under Jean Bureau defeat the English under the Earl of Shrewsbury, who is killed in the battle in Gascony.
• King George I of Great Britain sails down the River Thames with a barge of 50 musicians, where George Frideric Handel's Water Music is premiered.
• Former emperor Peter III of Russia is murdered.
• Bloody Falls massacre: Chipewyan chief Matonabbee, traveling as the guide to Samuel Hearne on his Arctic overland journey, massacres a group of unsuspecting Inuit.
• Members of the French National Guard under the command of General Lafayette open fire on a crowd of radical Jacobins at the Champ de Mars, Paris, during the French Revolution, killing scores of people.

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