A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt).
• Mindaugas is crowned King of Lithuania.
• Jan Hus is condemned by the assembly of the council in the Konstanz Cathedral as a heretic and sentenced to be burned at the stake. (See Deaths section.)
• Richard III is crowned King of England.
• Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of the Congo River.
• First Italian War: Battle of Fornovo: Charles VIII defeats the Holy League.
• Sir Thomas More is executed for treason against King Henry VIII of England.

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• John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
• Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
• The Battle of Chesma between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire begins.
• In Buenos Aires the local militias repel the British soldiers within the Second English Invasion.
• The Battle of Wagram between the French and Austrian Empires begins.
• The Venezuelan Declaration of Independence is adopted by a congress of the provinces.
• War of 1812: Battle of Chippawa: American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippawa, Ontario.

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• The Crusades: Battle of Hattin: Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.
• Ottoman-Hungarian wars: The Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) begins.
• The city of Trois-Rivières is founded in New France (now Quebec, Canada).

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• Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
• Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revolution in 1792.
• Québec City is founded by Samuel de Champlain.
• French and Indian War: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French forces.
• Pitcairn Island is discovered by Midshipman Robert Pitcairn on an expeditionary voyage commanded by Philip Carteret.
• Norway's oldest newspaper still in print, Adresseavisen, is founded and the first edition is published.
• American Revolutionary War: George Washington takes command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• American Revolutionary War: Iroquois allied to Britain kill 360 people in the Wyoming Valley massacre.
• The Bank for Savings in the City of New-York, the first savings bank in the United States, opens.

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• Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome.
• Li Shimin, the future Emperor Taizong of Tang, ambushes and kills his rival brothers Li Yuanji and Li Jiancheng in the Xuanwu Gate Incident.
• In China, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang inters the bodies of relatives in the Qianling Mausoleum, located on Mount Liang outside Chang'an.
• King Henry the Fowler dies in his royal palace in Memleben. He is succeeded by his son Otto I, who becomes the ruler of East Francia.
• The Byzantine army proclaims Nikephoros II Phokas Emperor of the Romans on the plains outside Cappadocian Caesarea.
• The Battle of Göllheim is fought between Albert I of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg.
• The Treaty of Tordesillas is ratified by Spain.
• Bogdan III the One-Eyed becomes Voivode of Moldavia.
• Ottoman Admiral Turgut Reis sacks the Italian city of Paola.

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• Battle of Dorylaeum: Crusaders led by prince Bohemond of Taranto defeat a Seljuk army led by sultan Kilij Arslan I.
• Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés fight their way out of Tenochtitlan after nightfall.
• Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos become the first Lutheran martyrs, burned at the stake by Roman Catholic authorities in Brussels.
• Union of Lublin: The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania confirm a real union; the united country is called the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or the Republic of Both Nations.
• First meeting of the Westminster Assembly, a council of theologians ("divines") and members of the Parliament of England appointed to restructure the Church of England, at Westminster Abbey in London.
• Glorious Revolution: Battle of the Boyne in Ireland (as reckoned under the Julian calendar).
• François-Jean de la Barre, a young French nobleman, is tortured and beheaded before his body is burnt on a pyre along with a copy of Voltaire's Dictionnaire philosophique nailed to his torso for the crime of not saluting a Roman Catholic religious procession in Abbeville, France.

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• Pope Marcellinus begins his papacy.
• The Byzantine army of emperor Constantine V defeats the Bulgarian forces in the Battle of Anchialus.
• Spanish forces defeat a combined French and Navarrese army at the Battle of Noáin during the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre.
• King Henry II of France is mortally wounded in a jousting match against Gabriel, comte de Montgomery.
• The Spanish held Castillo San Felipe del Morro in San Juan, Puerto Rico having been besieged for fifteen days, surrenders to an English force under Sir George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland.
• The University of Tartu was founded.
• The Immortal Seven issue the Invitation to William, which would culminate in the Glorious Revolution.
• Seven Years' War: Habsburg Austrian forces destroy a Prussian reinforcement and supply convoy in the Battle of Domstadtl, helping to expel Prussian King Frederick the Great from Moravia.

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• Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei.
• Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi.
• Sverre is crowned King of Norway, leading to his excommunication by the Catholic Church and civil war.
• Skanderbeg defeats an Ottoman invasion force at Torvioll.
• The Dutch city of Dordrecht is devastated by fire
• Jacques Cartier is the first European to reach Prince Edward Island.
• The Globe Theatre in London, built by William Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, burns to the ground.
• Charles I of England defeats a Parliamentarian detachment at the Battle of Cropredy Bridge.
• At the Battle of Konotop the Ukrainian armies of Ivan Vyhovsky defeat the Russians led by Prince Trubetskoy.
• Alexander Macdonell and over five hundred Roman Catholic highlanders leave Scotland to settle in Glengarry County, Ontario.
• Russo-Turkish War: Admiral Dmitry Senyavin destroys the Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Athos.
• Autocephaly officially granted by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople to the Church of Greece.

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• Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.
• Edward, Earl of March, is crowned King Edward IV of England.
• Charles V is elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
• Sengoku period of Japan: The combined forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu are victorious in the Battle of Nagashino.
• Guadeloupe becomes a French colony.
• The Battle of Berestechko between Poland and Ukraine starts.
• A New England colonial army captures the French fortifications at Louisbourg (New Style).
• American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Sullivan's Island ends with the American victory, leading to the commemoration of Carolina Day.
• American Revolutionary War: The American Continentals engage the British in the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse resulting in standstill and British withdrawal under cover of darkness.

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• The Republic of Ragusa is founded.
• Cornish rebels Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank are executed at Tyburn, London, England.
• Americo Vespucci, on Spanish financed trip, sights coast south of Cape Cassipore.
• The thirteen Stratford Martyrs are burned at the stake near London for their Protestant beliefs.
• In the Battle of Dettingen, George II becomes the last reigning British monarch to participate in a battle.
• Anglo-Cherokee War: Cherokee warriors defeat British forces at the Battle of Echoee near present-day Otto, North Carolina.
• British forces take Buenos Aires during the first of the British invasions of the River Plate.
• Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, and his brother Hyrum Smith, are killed by a mob at the Carthage, Illinois jail.
• American Civil War: Confederate forces defeat Union forces during the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain during the Atlanta Campaign.
• The first solo circumnavigation of the globe is completed by Joshua Slocum from Briar Island, Nova Scotia.
• During the Russo-Japanese War, sailors start a mutiny aboard the Russian battleship Potemkin.
• Prime Minister of Japan Tanaka Giichi convenes an eleven-day conference to discuss Japan's strategy in China. The Tanaka Memorial, a forged plan for world domination, is later claimed to be a secret report leaked from this conference.

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