A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Roman emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir and receives the title of Caesar.
• Roman emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sasanian Empire.
• Pope Benedict II is chosen.
• En no Ozuno, a Japanese mystic and apothecary who will later be regarded as the founder of a folk religion Shugendō, is banished to Izu Ōshima.
• Mongols defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Köse Dağ.
• Przemysł II crowned king of Poland, following Ducal period. The white eagle is added to the Polish coat of arms.
• Ulrich von Jungingen becomes Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
• Western Schism: The Roman Catholic Church is led into a double schism as Petros Philargos is crowned Pope Alexander V after the Council of Pisa, joining Pope Gregory XII in Rome and Pope Benedict XII in Avignon.
• Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and Edward, Earl of March, land in England with a rebel army and march on London.
• Richard III becomes King of England.
• Ottomans begin the second Siege of Rhodes.
• Francisco Pizarro is assassinated in Lima by the son of his former companion and later antagonist, Diego de Almagro the younger. Almagro is later caught and executed.

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• The Franks are defeated by the Burgundians in the Battle of Vézeronce.
• In the Battle of Fontenay-en-Puisaye, forces led by Charles the Bald and Louis the German defeat the armies of Lothair I of Italy and Pepin II of Aquitaine.
• At the Diet of Augsburg the Augsburg Confession is presented to the Holy Roman Emperor by the Lutheran princes and Electors of Germany.
• Spanish forces fail to retake Jamaica at the Battle of Rio Nuevo during the Anglo-Spanish War.
• Venetian Elena Cornaro Piscopia is the first woman awarded a doctorate of philosophy when she graduates from the University of Padua.
• Maria Theresa is crowned Queen of Hungary.
• Virginia becomes the tenth state to ratify the United States Constitution.
• A photograph of the June Days uprising becomes the first known instance of photojournalism.
• Battle of the Little Bighorn and the death of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer.
• Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania millionaire Harry Thaw shoots and kills prominent architect Stanford White.
• Igor Stravinsky's ballet The Firebird is premiered in Paris, bringing him to prominence as a composer.

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• Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, 40 kilometres (25 miles) northwest of Rome.
• Julius Nepos forces Roman usurper Glycerius to abdicate the throne and proclaims himself Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
• The Battle of Moira is fought between the High King of Ireland and the Kings of Ulster and Dál Riata. It is claimed to be the largest battle in the history of Ireland.
• The Vikings sack French city of Nantes.
• Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces, takes place.
• Battle of São Mamede, near Guimarães: Forces led by Afonso I defeat forces led by his mother Teresa of León and her lover Fernando Pérez de Traba.
• The Siege of Jaén begins, in the context of the Spanish Reconquista.
• First War of Scottish Independence: The Battle of Bannockburn concludes with a decisive victory by Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce.
• Hundred Years' War: Battle of Sluys: The French fleet is almost completely destroyed by the English fleet commanded in person by King Edward III.
• A sudden outbreak of St. John's Dance causes people in the streets of Aachen, Germany, to experience hallucinations and begin to jump and twitch uncontrollably until they collapse from exhaustion.
• John Cabot lands in North America at Newfoundland leading the first European exploration of the region since the Vikings.
• Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon are crowned King and Queen of England.
• The Anabaptist state of Münster is conquered and disbanded.
• English King Henry VIII commands his 4th wife, Anne of Cleves, to leave the court.
• Miguel López de Legazpi founds Manila, the capital of the Philippines.

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• Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu.
• War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships.
• The Spanish Reconquista: In the Battle of Moclín the Emirate of Granada ambush a superior pursuing force, killing most of them in a military disaster for the Kingdom of Castile.
• A peace treaty between the Flemish and the French is signed at Athis-sur-Orge.
• First War of Scottish Independence: The Battle of Bannockburn (south of Stirling) begins.
• Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France sign the "Treaty of Closer Amity With France" (also known as the Pommeraye treaty), pledging mutual aid against Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Dragut, commander of the Ottoman navy, dies during the Great Siege of Malta.
• The Action of Faial, Azores. The Portuguese carrack Cinco Chagas, loaded with slaves and treasure, is attacked and sunk by English ships with only 13 survivors out of over 700 on board.
• The mutinous crew of Henry Hudson's fourth voyage sets Henry, his son and seven loyal crew members adrift in an open boat in what is now Hudson Bay; they are never heard from again.
• William Penn signs a friendship treaty with Lenni Lenape Indians in Pennsylvania.

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• Battle of Versinikia: The Bulgars led by Krum defeat the Byzantine army near Edirne. Emperor Michael I is forced to abdicate in favor of Leo V the Armenian.
• The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine).
• Fatahillah expels Portuguese forces from Sunda Kelapa, now regarded as the foundation of Jakarta.
• Battle of Sisak: Allied Christian troops defeat the Ottomans.
• The Holy Office in Rome forces Galileo Galilei to recant his view that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the Universe in the form he presented it in, after heated controversy.
• The British pass the Quebec Act, setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America.
• A poisonous cloud caused by the eruption of the Laki volcano in Iceland reaches Le Havre in France.
• In the Chesapeake-Leopard affair, the British warship HMS Leopard attacks and boards the American frigate USS Chesapeake.
• War of 1812: After learning of American plans for a surprise attack on Beaver Dams in Ontario, Laura Secord sets out on a 30 kilometer journey on foot to warn Lieutenant James FitzGibbon.
• The United States Department of Justice is created by the U.S. Congress.

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• A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily (approximate date).
• Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong of the Yuan.
• Sengoku period: Oda Nobunaga, the most powerful of the Japanese daimyōs, is forced to commit suicide by his own general Akechi Mitsuhide.
• Execution of 27 Czech noblemen on the Old Town Square in Prague as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain.
• In Montreal in New France, a slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique is put to death, having been convicted of setting the fire that destroyed much of the city.
• Halifax, Nova Scotia, is founded.
• James Otis Jr. offends the King and Parliament in a speech to the Massachusetts General Court.
• New Hampshire becomes the ninth state to ratify the Constitution of the United States.
• King Louis XVI of France and his immediate family begin the Flight to Varennes during the French Revolution.
• Irish Rebellion of 1798: The British Army defeats Irish rebels at the Battle of Vinegar Hill.

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• Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius' battles Attila the Hun. After the battle, which was inconclusive, Attila retreats, causing the Romans to interpret it as a victory.
• First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan.
• The Sack of Baltimore: The Irish village of Baltimore is attacked by Algerian pirates.
• Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha is appointed Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
• Monmouth Rebellion: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth declares himself King of England at Bridgwater.
• A British garrison is imprisoned in the Black Hole of Calcutta.
• The U.S. Congress adopts the Great Seal of the United States.
• Oliver Ellsworth moves at the Federal Convention to call the government the 'United States'.
• Deputies of the French Third Estate take the Tennis Court Oath.
• King Louis XVI, disguised as a valet, and the French royal family attempt to flee Paris during the French Revolution.
• The U.S. vessel SS Savannah arrives at Liverpool, United Kingdom. It is the first steam-propelled vessel to cross the Atlantic, although most of the journey is made under sail.
• Queen Victoria succeeds to the British throne.
• Barbu Catargiu, the Prime Minister of Romania, is assassinated.

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• The original Nicene Creed is adopted at the First Council of Nicaea.
• The Battle of Kalvskinnet takes place outside Nidaros (now Trondheim), Norway. Earl Erling Skakke is killed, and the battle changes the tide of the civil wars.
• The Earl of Pembroke's army defeats Bruce's Scottish army at the Battle of Methven.
• At least 73,000 people died in the 1718 Tongwei-Gansu earthquake due to landslides in the Qing dynasty.
• New Church Day: Emanuel Swedenborg writes: "The Lord sent forth His twelve disciples, who followed Him in the world into the whole spiritual world to preach the Gospel that the Lord God Jesus Christ reigns. This took place on the 19th day of June, in the year 1770."
• War of the Second Coalition Battle of Höchstädt results in a French victory over Austria.
• Battle of Seven Oaks between North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
• Decisive defeat of the Filiki Eteria by the Ottomans at Drăgășani (in Wallachia).
• The first officially recorded, organized baseball game is played under Alexander Cartwright's rules on Hoboken, New Jersey's Elysian Fields with the New York Base Ball Club defeating the Knickerbockers 23-1. Cartwright umpired.
• Princess Louise of the Netherlands marries Crown Prince Karl of Sweden-Norway.
• The U.S. Congress prohibits slavery in United States territories, nullifying Dred Scott v. Sandford.
• Over two years after the Emancipation Proclamation, slaves in Galveston, Texas, United States, are finally informed of their freedom. The anniversary was officially celebrated in Texas and other states as Juneteenth. On June 17, 2021, Juneteenth officially became a federal holiday in the United States.
• Maximilian I of the Second Mexican Empire is executed by a firing squad in Querétaro, Querétaro.
• The Herzegovinian rebellion against the Ottoman Empire begins.

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• Battle of Civitate: Three thousand Norman horsemen of Count Humphrey rout the troops of Pope Leo IX.
• Five Canterbury monks see an event believed to have been the formation of the Giordano Bruno crater on the moon. It is believed that the current oscillations of the Moon's distance from the Earth (on the order of meters) are a result of this collision.
• The Parliament of Ireland meets at Castledermot in County Kildare, the first definitively known meeting of this Irish legislature.
• Charles VII's army defeats an English army under John Talbot at the Battle of Patay during the Hundred Years' War. The English lost 2,200 men, over half their army, crippling their efforts during this segment of the war.
• Charles I is crowned King of Scots at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh.
• The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony is revoked via a scire facias writ issued by an English court.
• Battle of Kolín between Prussian forces under Frederick the Great and an Austrian army under the command of Field Marshal Count Leopold Joseph von Daun in the Seven Years' War.
• American Revolutionary War: The British Army abandons Philadelphia.
• Action of 18 June 1799: A frigate squadron under Rear-admiral Jean-Baptiste Perrée is captured by the British fleet under Lord Keith.

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• Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism.
• Geoffrey V of Anjou, known as Plantagenet, marries Matilda, daughter of Henry I, King of England, and widow of the Emperor Henry V.
• Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were burnt in Paris.
• The Kalmar Union is formed under the rule of Margaret I of Denmark.
• Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II (The Night Attack at Târgovişte), forcing him to retreat from Wallachia.
• Battle of Deptford Bridge: Forces under King Henry VII defeat troops led by Michael An Gof.
• Matsunaga Hisahide assassinates the 13th Ashikaga shōgun, Ashikaga Yoshiteru.
• Sir Francis Drake claims a land he calls Nova Albion (modern California) for England.
• The Dutch explorer Willem Barentsz discovers the Arctic archipelago of Spitsbergen.
• Mumtaz Mahal dies during childbirth. Her husband, Mughal emperor Shah Jahan I, will spend the next 17 years building her mausoleum, the Taj Mahal.
• Battle of Montes Claros: Portugal definitively secured independence from Spain in the last battle of the Portuguese Restoration War.
• French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet reach the Mississippi River and become the first Europeans to make a detailed account of its course.

Information from this episode are sourced from API Ninjas

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