A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as king (shah) of the Persian Empire. He becomes the last ruler of the Sasanian dynasty (modern Iran).
• Ming-Hồ War: Retired King Hồ Quý Ly and his son King Hồ Hán Thương of Hồ dynasty are captured by the Ming armies.
• Battle of Stoke Field: King Henry VII of England defeats the leaders of a Yorkist rebellion in the final engagement of the Wars of the Roses.
• War of the Austrian Succession: New England colonial troops under the command of William Pepperrell capture the Fortress of Louisbourg in Louisbourg, New France (Old Style date).
• War of the Austrian Succession: Austria and Sardinia defeat a Franco-Spanish army at the Battle of Piacenza.
• French and Indian War: The French surrender Fort Beauséjour to the British, leading to the expulsion of the Acadians.
• French and Indian War: Robert Rogers and his Rangers surprise French held Fort Sainte Thérèse on the Richelieu River near Lake Champlain. The fort is raided and burned.
• Spain declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the Great Siege of Gibraltar begins.
• French Revolutionary Wars: In what became known as Cornwallis's Retreat, a British Royal Navy squadron led by Vice Admiral William Cornwallis strongly resists a much larger French Navy force and withdraws largely intact, setting up the French Navy defeat at the Battle of Groix six days later.
• Survivors of an attack the previous day by Tla-o-qui-aht on board the Pacific Fur Company's ship Tonquin, intentionally detonate a powder magazine on the ship, destroying it and killing about 100 attackers.
• Battle of Ligny and Battle of Quatre Bras, two days before the Battle of Waterloo.

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• Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II.
• Battle of Soissons: King Robert I of France is killed and King Charles the Simple is arrested by the supporters of Duke Rudolph of Burgundy.
• The naval Battle of Fimreite is won by the Birkebeiner pretender Sverre Sigurdsson. Sigurdsson takes the Norwegian throne and King Magnus V of Norway is killed.
• King John of England puts his seal to Magna Carta.
• Northern Crusades: Danish victory at the Battle of Lindanise (modern-day Tallinn) establishes the Danish Duchy of Estonia.
• With the death of Frederick II, Duke of Austria, the Babenberg dynasty ends in Austria.
• The city of Bilbao is founded.
• At the Battle of Rozgony, King Charles I of Hungary wins a decisive victory over the family of Palatine Amade Aba.
• Battle of Kosovo: The Ottoman Empire defeats Serbs and Bosnians.
• Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.
• Pope Leo X threatens to excommunicate Martin Luther in Exsurge Domine.

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• The city of Munich is founded by Henry the Lion on the banks of the river Isar.
• First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France takes the city of Winchester, abandoned by John, King of England, and soon conquers over half of the kingdom.
• While taking exile in Fuzhou, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Song dynasty court hold the coronation ceremony for Emperor Duanzong.
• Second Mongol invasion of Vietnam: Forces led by Prince Trần Quang Khải of the Trần dynasty destroy most of the invading Mongol naval fleet in a battle at Chuong Duong.
• Kublai Khan defeats the force of Nayan and other traditionalist Borjigin princes in East Mongolia and Manchuria.
• Richard II of England meets leaders of Peasants' Revolt at Mile End. The Tower of London is stormed by rebels who enter without resistance.
• Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr, having declared himself Prince of Wales, allies himself with the French against King Henry IV of England.
• English Civil War: Battle of Naseby: Twelve thousand Royalist forces are beaten by 15,000 Parliamentarian soldiers.
• The Raid on the Medway by the Dutch fleet in the Second Anglo-Dutch War ends. It had lasted for five days and resulted in the worst ever defeat of the Royal Navy.
• King William III of England (William of Orange) lands in Ireland to confront the former King James II.

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• The decisions of the Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine the Great and co-emperor Valerius Licinius, granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire, are published in Nicomedia.
• Ibn Battuta begins his travels, leaving his home in Tangiers to travel to Mecca (gone 24 years).
• In England, the Peasants' Revolt, led by Wat Tyler, comes to a head, as rebels set fire to the Savoy Palace.
• Henry Grace à Dieu, at over 1,000 tons the largest warship in the world at this time, built at the new Woolwich Dockyard in England, is dedicated.
• Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for priests and nuns.
• King Charles I of England marries Catholic princess Henrietta Maria of France and Navarre, at Canterbury.
• Georgia provincial governor James Oglethorpe begins an unsuccessful attempt to take Spanish Florida during the Siege of St. Augustine.
• Lewis and Clark Expedition: Scouting ahead of the expedition, Meriwether Lewis and four companions sight the Great Falls of the Missouri River.

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• Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors.
• At the instigation of Louis IX of France, an inter-faith debate, known as the Disputation of Paris, starts between a Christian monk and four rabbis.
• Peasants' Revolt: In England, rebels assemble at Blackheath, just outside London.
• Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War: Parisians slaughter sympathizers of Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, along with all prisoners, foreign bankers, and students and faculty of the College of Navarre.
• Hundred Years' War: On the second day of the Battle of Jargeau, Joan of Arc leads the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk.
• The city of Helsinki, Finland (belonging to Sweden at the time) is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden.
• The Westminster Assembly is convened by the Parliament of England, without the assent of Charles I, in order to restructure the Church of England.
• First Anglo-Dutch War: The Battle of the Gabbard begins, lasting until the following day.
• Thomas Willett is appointed the first mayor of New York City.
• French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg: James Wolfe's attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, commences.
• French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne and 25 of his men killed by Māori in New Zealand.
• The Virginia Declaration of Rights is adopted.
• Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.

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• Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty (171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle of the rain".
• Emperor Taizong of Tang sends envoys to the Xueyantuo bearing gold and silk in order to seek the release of Chinese prisoners captured during the transition from Sui to Tang.
• A Hasanid Alid uprising in Mecca is crushed by the Abbasids at the Battle of Fakhkh.
• Vladimir the Great consolidates the Kievan realm from Ukraine to the Baltic Sea. He is proclaimed ruler (knyaz) of all Kievan Rus'.
• Lombard Revolt: Greek citizens of Bari rise up against the Lombard rebels led by Melus and deliver the city to Basil Mesardonites, Byzantine governor (catepan) of the Catepanate of Italy.
• Albert I of Brandenburg, also called The Bear (Ger: Albrecht der Bär), becomes the founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, Germany and the first margrave.
• The megas doux Alexios Apokaukos, chief minister of the Byzantine Empire, is lynched by political prisoners.
• Battle of Sauchieburn: Fought between rebel Lords and James III of Scotland, resulting in the death of the king.

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• Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock (clepsydra) called Rokoku. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu.
• Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the river Saleph while leading an army to Jerusalem.
• The Battle of Pelekanon results in a Byzantine defeat by the Ottoman Empire.
• Copenhagen is surrounded by the army of Frederick I of Denmark, as the city will not recognise him as the successor of Christian II of Denmark.
• Willem Barents and Jacob van Heemskerk discover Bear Island.
• Thirty Years' War: Battle of Záblatí, a turning point in the Bohemian Revolt.
• Salem witch trials: Bridget Bishop is hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem, Massachusetts, for "certaine Detestable Arts called Witchcraft and Sorceries".
• Jacobite risings: Battle of Glen Shiel.
• King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) of Siam (modern day Thailand) is crowned.
• French Revolution: Following the arrests of Girondin leaders, the Jacobins gain control of the Committee of Public Safety installing the revolutionary dictatorship.

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• The Roman emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia.
• Odo of Aquitaine defeats the Moors in the Battle of Toulouse.
• Duccio's Maestà, a seminal artwork of the early Italian Renaissance, is unveiled and installed in Siena Cathedral in Siena, Italy.
• The Parisian Faculty of Theology fines Simon de Colines for publishing the Biblical commentary Commentarii initiatorii in quatuor Evangelia by Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples.
• Jacques Cartier is the first European to describe and map the Saint Lawrence River.
• Second Anglo-Dutch War: The Raid on the Medway by the Dutch fleet begins. It lasts for five days and results in the worst ever defeat of the Royal Navy.
• James Oglethorpe is granted a royal charter for the colony of the future U.S. state of Georgia.
• The British schooner Gaspee is burned in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island.
• Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battles of Arklow and Saintfield.
• End of the Congress of Vienna: The new European political situation is set.
• Five hundred Mormons leave Iowa City, Iowa for the Mormon Trail.
• American Civil War: Stonewall Jackson concludes his successful Shenandoah Valley Campaign with a victory in the Battle of Port Republic; his tactics during the campaign are now studied by militaries around the world.

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• Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.
• Vikings raid the abbey at Lindisfarne in Northumbria, commonly accepted as the beginning of Norse activity in the British Isles.
• Edward the Confessor becomes King of England - the country's penultimate Anglo-Saxon king.
• Richard I arrives in Acre, beginning the Third Crusade.
• Alexander Fordyce flees to France to avoid debt repayment, triggering the credit crisis of 1772 in the British Empire and the Dutch Republic.
• Laki, a volcano in Iceland, begins an eight-month eruption which kills over 9,000 people and starts a seven-year famine.
• Maximilien Robespierre inaugurates the French Revolution's new state religion, the Cult of the Supreme Being, with large organized festivals all across France.
• A group of 194 Pitcairn Islanders, descendants of the mutineers of HMS Bounty, arrives at Norfolk Island, commencing the Third Settlement of the Island.
• American Civil War: Tennessee secedes from the Union.
• American Civil War: Battle of Cross Keys: Confederate forces under General Stonewall Jackson save the Army of Northern Virginia from a Union assault on the James Peninsula led by General George B. McClellan.
• Coronation of Franz Joseph as King of Hungary following the Austro-Hungarian compromise (Ausgleich).

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• Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople (Byzantine Empire).
• Pope John VIII recognizes the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state.
• Henry II, a cousin of Emperor Otto III, is elected and crowned King of Germany.
• First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins.
• Troops of the Republic of Venice capture Udine, ending the independence of the Patria del Friuli.
• Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas which divides the New World between the two countries.
• The Petition of Right, a major English constitutional document, is granted the Royal Assent by Charles I and becomes law.
• Port Royal, Jamaica, is hit by a catastrophic earthquake; in just three minutes, 1,600 people are killed and 3,000 are seriously injured.
• Richard Henry Lee presents the "Lee Resolution" to the Continental Congress. The motion is seconded by John Adams and will lead to the United States Declaration of Independence.

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