A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
• Malcolm IV becomes King of Scotland.
• John is crowned King of England.
• Richard of Cornwall, and his wife, Sanchia of Provence, are crowned King and Queen of the Germans at Aachen Cathedral.
• Manchu regent Dorgon defeats rebel leader Li Zicheng of the Shun dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, allowing the Manchus to enter and conquer the capital city of Beijing.
• Tsar Peter the Great founds the city of Saint Petersburg.
• The Battle of Oulart Hill takes place in Wexford, Ireland; Irish rebel leaders defeat and kill a detachment of militia.
• War of the Second Coalition: Austrian forces defeat the French at Winterthur, Switzerland.
• War of 1812: In Canada, American forces capture Fort George.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi begins his attack on Palermo, Sicily, as part of the Italian unification.
• American Civil War: First Assault on the Confederate works at the Siege of Port Hudson.

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• Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire takes place. The Sasanids defeat the Armenians militarily but guarantee them freedom to openly practice Christianity.
• King Edmund I of England is murdered by a thief whom he personally attacks while celebrating St Augustine's Mass Day.
• King Otto I elects his six-year-old son Otto II as heir apparent and co-ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. He is crowned at Aachen, and placed under the tutelage of his grandmother Matilda.
• Alfonso VII of León and Castile is crowned in León Cathedral as Imperator totius Hispaniae (Emperor of all of Spain).
• An earthquake strikes Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan, killing about 23,000.
• William of Ockham, the Franciscan Minister-General Michael of Cesena, and two other Franciscan leaders secretly leave Avignon, fearing a death sentence from Pope John XXII.
• Geneva expels John Calvin and his followers from the city. Calvin lives in exile in Strasbourg for the next three years.
• The Battle of Haarlemmermeer, a naval engagement in the Dutch War of Independence.
• Pequot War: A combined English and Mohegan force under John Mason attacks a village in Connecticut, massacring approximately 500 Pequots.
• Portuguese Restoration War: Portuguese and Spanish forces both claim victory in the Battle of Montijo.
• The Battle of Ackia is fought near the present site of Tupelo, Mississippi. British and Chickasaw soldiers repel a French and Choctaw attack on the then-Chickasaw village of Ackia.
• A Great Jubilee Day held at North Stratford, Connecticut, celebrates the end of fighting in the American Revolution.
• Napoléon Bonaparte assumes the title of King of Italy and is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy in Milan Cathedral, the gothic cathedral in Milan.

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• Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo, Spain, back from the Moors.
• Henry the Navigator is appointed governor of the Order of Christ.
• The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw.
• Ming general Wu Sangui forms an alliance with the invading Manchus and opens the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhaiguan pass, letting the Manchus through towards the capital Beijing.
• Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth of England.
• Charles II lands at Dover at the invitation of the Convention Parliament, which marks the end of the Cromwell-proclaimed Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland and begins the Restoration of the British monarchy.
• A treaty between Pennsylvania and Maryland ends the Conojocular War with settlement of a boundary dispute and exchange of prisoners.
• After a delay of 11 days, the United States Constitutional Convention formally convenes in Philadelphia after a quorum of seven states is secured.
• United Irishmen Rebellion: Battle of Carlow begins; executions of suspected rebels at Carnew and at Dunlavin Green take place.
• Chuquisaca Revolution: Patriot revolt in Chuquisaca (modern-day Sucre) against the Spanish Empire, sparking the Latin American wars of independence.
• May Revolution: Citizens of Buenos Aires expel Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros during the "May Week", starting the Argentine War of Independence.
• The Chilean Constitution of 1833 is promulgated.

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• The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom.
• The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt.
• Magnus Ladulås is crowned King of Sweden in Uppsala Cathedral.
• The ten-year-old Lambert Simnel is crowned in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, Ireland, with the name of Edward VI in a bid to threaten King Henry VII's reign.
• Erik XIV of Sweden and his guards murder five incarcerated Swedish nobles.
• Nomenclator of Leiden University Library appears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library.
• One hundred-five English settlers under the leadership of Captain Christopher Newport established the colony called Jamestown at the mouth of the James River on the Virginia coast, the first permanent English colony in America.
• The Protestant Union is formally dissolved.
• Peter Minuit buys Manhattan.
• The French Royal Army crosses the border into the Spanish Netherlands, starting the War of Devolution opposing France to the Spanish Empire and the Triple Alliance.
• The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England, opens as the world's first university museum.
• The English Parliament passes the Act of Toleration protecting dissenting Protestants but excluding Roman Catholics.
• John Wesley is converted, essentially launching the Methodist movement; the day is celebrated annually by Methodists as Aldersgate Day and a church service is generally held on the preceding Sunday.
• The Irish Rebellion of 1798 led by the United Irishmen against British rule begins.
• South American independence leader Simón Bolívar enters Mérida, leading the invasion of Venezuela, and is proclaimed El Libertador ("The Liberator").

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• Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction.
• Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy.
• The marriage of King Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon is declared null and void.
• Dutch rebels led by Louis of Nassau, defeat Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg, and his loyalist troops in the Battle of Heiligerlee, opening the Eighty Years' War.
• Official ratification of the Second Virginia Charter takes place.
• The Second Defenestration of Prague precipitates the Thirty Years' War.
• John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, defeats a French army under Marshal François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy at the Battle of Ramillies.
• South Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution as the eighth American state.
• Battle of Famars during the Flanders Campaign of the War of the First Coalition.
• Accordion patent granted to Cyrill Demian in Vienna, Austrian Empire.

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• King John of England and King Philip II of France sign the Treaty of Le Goulet.
• Henry Raspe is elected anti-king of the Kingdom of Germany in opposition to Conrad IV.
• Serbian King Stefan Uroš I and the Republic of Venice sign a peace treaty.
• Start of the Wars of the Roses: At the First Battle of St Albans, Richard, Duke of York, defeats and captures King Henry VI of England.
• The massacre at the festival of Tóxcatl takes place during the Fall of Tenochtitlan, resulting in turning the Aztecs against the Spanish.
• Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and Danish King Christian IV sign the Treaty of Lübeck ending Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War.
• Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Hamburg.

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• Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Galerius as Caesar to Diocletian, beginning the period of four rulers known as the Tetrarchy.
• Syracuse, Sicily, is captured by the Muslim Aghlabids after a nine-month siege.
• Pope John VIII gives blessings to Branimir of Croatia and to the Croatian people, considered to be international recognition of the Croatian state.
• Sixteen-year-old Otto III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
• Dušan's Code, the constitution of the Serbian Empire, is enacted by Dušan the Mighty.
• Henry III of Castile sends Ruy González de Clavijo as ambassador to Timur to discuss the possibility of an alliance between Timur and Castile against the Ottoman Empire.
• Queen Mary I grants a royal charter to Derby School, as a grammar school for boys in Derby, England.
• In the Concert of The Hague, the Dutch Republic, the Commonwealth of England and the Kingdom of France set out their views on how the Second Northern War should end.
• Daniel Defoe is imprisoned on charges of seditious libel.
• The Order of St. Alexander Nevsky is instituted in Russia by Empress Catherine I. It would later be discontinued and then reinstated by the Soviet government in 1942 as the Order of Alexander Nevsky.
• Ten-year-old Mary Campbell is abducted in Pennsylvania by Lenape during the French and Indian War. She is returned six and a half years later.

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• The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church.
• Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed Augusta is able to choose her successor for the Byzantine throne, after Zeno (late emperor) dies of dysentery.
• The Battle of Dun Nechtain is fought between a Pictish army under King Bridei III and the invading Northumbrians under King Ecgfrith, who are decisively defeated.
• The Second Battle of Lincoln is fought near Lincoln, England, resulting in the defeat of Prince Louis of France by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke.
• King Sancho IV of Castile creates the Estudio de Escuelas de Generales in Alcalá de Henares.
• The Battle of Alfarrobeira is fought, establishing the House of Braganza as a principal royal family of Portugal.
• John Cabot sets sail from Bristol, England, on his ship Matthew looking for a route to the west (other documents give a May 2 date).
• Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route to India when he arrives at Kozhikode (previously known as Calicut), India.
• Hernando Cortes defeats Panfilo de Narvaez, sent by Spain to punish him for insubordination.
• Ignatius of Loyola is seriously wounded in the Battle of Pampeluna.
• Cartographer Abraham Ortelius issues Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern atlas.
• Shakespeare's sonnets are first published in London, perhaps illicitly, by the publisher Thomas Thorpe.

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• Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
• Pope Gregory II is elected.
• Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
• John II of Castile defeats the Infantes of Aragon at the First Battle of Olmedo.
• French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona's two sons (whom Cartier had kidnapped during his first voyage).
• Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII of England, is beheaded for adultery, treason, and incest.
• Thirty Years' War: French forces under the duc d'Enghien decisively defeat Spanish forces at the Battle of Rocroi, marking the symbolic end of Spain as a dominant land power.
• An Act of Parliament declaring England a Commonwealth is passed by the Long Parliament. England would be a republic for the next eleven years.

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• Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople.
• Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 47. His first coronation was 28 years earlier, in 844, during the reign of his father Lothair I.
• First Crusade: Around 800 Jews are massacred in Worms, Germany.
• The future Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. He would become king two years later, after the death of his cousin once removed King Stephen of England.
• The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Siege of Antioch.
• Fall of Acre, the end of Crusader presence in the Holy Land.
• During the Battle of Buyur Lake, General Lan Yu leads a Ming army forward to crush the Mongol hordes of Tögüs Temür, the Khan of Northern Yuan.
• Alonso de Ojeda sets sail from Cádiz on his voyage to what is now Venezuela.
• The Great Siege of Malta begins, in which Ottoman forces attempt and fail to conquer Malta.
• Playwright Thomas Kyd's accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe.
• In Dorchester, Massachusetts, John Winthrop takes the oath of office and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts.

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