A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
• Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
• Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Florida with 600 men - by 1536 only 4 survive.
• George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford and four other men are executed for treason.
• Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn's marriage is annulled.
• Anne of Denmark is crowned Queen of Scotland.
• Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve (1612-1676) founds the Ville Marie de Montréal.
• Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette begin exploring the Mississippi River.
• Seven Years' War formally begins when Great Britain declares war on France
• French forces besieging Quebec retreat after the Royal Navy arrives to relieve the British garrison.
• The New York Stock Exchange is formed under the Buttonwood Agreement.

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• Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.
• Gov. Thado of Mohnyin becomes king of Ava.
• Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, flees to England.
• Santiago de Vera becomes sixth Governor-General of the Spanish colony of the Philippines.
• The 14-year-old Marie Antoinette marries 15-year-old Louis-Auguste, who later becomes king of France.
• The Battle of Alamance, a pre-American Revolutionary War battle between local militia and a group of rebels called The "Regulators", occurs in present-day Alamance County, North Carolina.
• Peninsular War: The allies Spain, Portugal and United Kingdom, defeat the French at the Battle of Albuera.

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• Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
• Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbogast. He is found hanging in his residence at Vienne.
• King Authari marries Theodelinda, daughter of the Bavarian duke Garibald I. A Catholic, she has great influence among the Lombard nobility.
• Abd al-Rahman I, the founder of the Arab dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries, becomes emir of Cordova, Spain.
• Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ad extirpanda, which authorizes, but also limits, the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition.
• Insurgent peasants led by Anabaptist pastor Thomas Müntzer were defeated at the Battle of Frankenhausen, ending the German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire.
• Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, stands trial in London on charges of treason, adultery and incest; she is condemned to death by a specially-selected jury.
• Cape Cod sighted by English navigator Bartholomew Gosnold.
• The Peace of Münster is ratified, by which Spain acknowledges Dutch sovereignty.
• Opening of the first private mental health hospital in the United States, the Asylum for the Relief of Persons Deprived of the Use of Their Reason (now Friends Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).
• Francis Baily observes "Baily's beads" during an annular eclipse.
• The Sicilian revolution of 1848 is finally extinguished.

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• Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
• Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forced to sign the Mise of Lewes, making Simon de Montfort the effective ruler of England.
• Battle of Agnadello: In northern Italy, French forces defeat the Republic of Venice.
• English colonists establish "James Fort," which would become Jamestown, Virginia, the earliest permanent English settlement in the Americas.
• The Protestant Union, a coalition of Protestant German states, is founded to defend the rights, land and safety of each member against the Catholic Church and Catholic German states.
• Henry IV of France is assassinated by Catholic zealot François Ravaillac, and Louis XIII ascends the throne.
• Four-year-old Louis XIV becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Louis XIII.
• Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox inoculation.
• The 6th United States Congress recesses, and the process of moving the Federal government of the United States from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C., begins the following day.

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• Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book Revelations of Divine Love.
• Amerigo Vespucci, this time under Portuguese flag, set sail for western lands.
• Famous sword duel between Miyamoto Musashi and Sasaki Kojiro on the shores of Ganryū Island. Kojiro dies at the end.
• Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after being convicted of treason.
• Venetian fleet under Admiral Cort Adeler beats Turkish.
• War of the Bavarian Succession: Russian and French mediators at the Congress of Teschen negotiate an end to the war. In the agreement Austria receives the part of its territory that was taken from it (the Innviertel).
• The Cumberland Compact is signed by leaders of the settlers in the Cumberland River area of what would become the U.S. state of Tennessee, providing for democratic government and a formal system of justice.
• Forces sent by Yusuf Karamanli of Tripoli to retake Derna from the Americans attack the city.
• Ecuador gains its independence from Gran Colombia.
• Mexican-American War: The United States declares war on the Federal Republic of Mexico following a dispute over the American annexation of the Republic of Texas and a Mexican military incursion.
• American Civil War: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a "proclamation of neutrality" which recognizes the Confederacy as having belligerent rights.
• The Great Comet of 1861 is discovered by John Tebbutt of Windsor, New South Wales, Australia.
• Pakistan's (then a part of British India) first railway line opens, from Karachi to Kotri.
• The USS Planter, a steamer and gunship, steals through Confederate lines and is passed to the Union, by a southern slave, Robert Smalls, who later was officially appointed as captain, becoming the first black man to command a United States ship.

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• Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism.
• Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tang dynasty after nearly three hundred years of rule.
• Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre in Cyprus; she is crowned Queen consort of England the same day.
• Jagiellonian University, the oldest university in Poland, is founded in Kraków.
• Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
• National University of San Marcos, the oldest university in the Americas, is founded in Lima, Peru.
• French Wars of Religion: Henry III of France flees Paris after Henry I, Duke of Guise, enters the city and a spontaneous uprising occurs.
• London playwright Thomas Kyd is arrested and tortured by the Privy Council for libel.
• Maria Theresa of Austria is crowned Queen of Bohemia after defeating her rival, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Heinrich XI, count of the Principality of Reuss-Greiz, is elevated to Prince by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor.
• American Revolutionary War: In the largest defeat of the Continental Army, Charleston, South Carolina is taken by British forces.

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• A copy of the Diamond Sutra is printed in China, making it the oldest known dated printed book.
• War of the Austrian Succession: French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army.
• Robert Gray commands the first expedition to sail into the Columbia River.
• Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons.
• President James K. Polk asked for a Declaration of War against Mexico, starting the Mexican-American War.
• Indian Rebellion of 1857: Indian rebels seize Delhi from the British.
• Minnesota is admitted as the 32nd state of the United States.
• Seven people are killed in the Mussel Slough Tragedy, a gun battle in California.

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• Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England pending the selection of a king.
• Christopher Columbus visits the Cayman Islands and names them Las Tortugas after the numerous turtles there.
• Jacques Cartier visits Newfoundland.
• King Narai nominates Phetracha as regent, leading to the revolution of 1688 in which Phetracha becomes king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
• Rioting occurs in London after John Wilkes is imprisoned for writing an article for The North Briton severely criticizing King George III.
• The Parliament of Great Britain passes the Tea Act, designed to save the British East India Company by reducing taxes on its tea and granting it the right to sell tea directly to North America. The legislation leads to the Boston Tea Party.
• Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette become King and Queen of France.
• American Revolutionary War: A small Colonial militia led by Ethan Allen and Colonel Benedict Arnold captures Fort Ticonderoga.
• American Revolutionary War: The Second Continental Congress takes place in Philadelphia.

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• Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
• England and Portugal formally ratify their alliance with the signing of the Treaty of Windsor, making it the oldest diplomatic alliance in the world which is still in force.
• 'Abd al-Latif (Timurid monarch) is assassinated.
• Hernando de Alarcón sets sail on an expedition to the Gulf of California.
• Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal England's Crown Jewels from the Tower of London.
• Five men arrested during a raid on Mother Clap's molly house in London are executed at Tyburn.
• Second Schleswig War: The Danish navy defeats the Austrian and Prussian fleets in the Battle of Heligoland.

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• Emperor Honorius signs an edict providing tax relief for the Italian provinces Tuscia, Campania, Picenum, Samnium, Apulia, Lucania and Calabria, which were plundered by the Visigoths.
• Reccared I opens the Third Council of Toledo, marking the entry of Visigothic Spain into the Catholic Church.
• Treaty of Brétigny drafted between King Edward III of England and King John II of France (the Good).
• Joan of Arc lifts the Siege of Orléans, turning the tide of the Hundred Years' War.
• Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI.
• Hernando de Soto stops near present-day Walls, Mississippi, and sees the Mississippi River (then known by the Spanish as Río de Espíritu Santo, the name given to it by Alonso Álvarez de Pineda in 1519).

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