A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouranos at the Spercheios River in Greece.
• Three Roman legates break relations between Western and Eastern Christian Churches through the act of placing an Papal bull (of doubtful validity) of Excommunication on the altar of Hagia Sophia during Saturday afternoon divine liturgy. Historians frequently describe the event as the start of the East-West Schism.
• Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa: After Pope Innocent III calls European knights to a crusade, forces of Kings Alfonso VIII of Castile, Sancho VII of Navarre, Peter II of Aragon and Afonso II of Portugal defeat those of the Berber Muslim leader Almohad, thus marking a significant turning point in the Reconquista and in the medieval history of Spain.
• The canonization of Saint Francis of Assisi
• Celebrated by the Carmelite Order-but doubted by modern historians-as the day when Saint Simon Stock had a vision of the Virgin Mary.
• Jacques Cartier, navigator and explorer, returns home to St. Malo after claiming Stadacona (Quebec), Hochelaga (Montereal) and the River of Canada (St. Lawrence River) region for France.
• The first banknotes in Europe are issued by the Swedish bank Stockholms Banco.
• Manchu Qing dynasty naval forces under traitorous commander Shi Lang defeat the Kingdom of Tungning in the Battle of Penghu near the Pescadores Islands.
• Father Junípero Serra founds California's first mission, Mission San Diego de Alcalá. Over the following decades, it evolves into the city of San Diego, California.
• American Revolutionary War: Light infantry of the Continental Army seize a fortified British Army position in a midnight bayonet attack at the Battle of Stony Point.

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• First Jewish-Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. (17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar).
• First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final assault of a difficult siege.
• The reconstructed Church of the Holy Sepulchre is consecrated in Jerusalem.
• King John of England expels Canterbury monks for supporting Archbishop Stephen Langton.
• Swedish-Novgorodian Wars: A Novgorodian army led by Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva.
• John Ball, a leader in the Peasants' Revolt, is hanged, drawn and quartered in the presence of King Richard II of England.
• Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War: Battle of Grunwald: The allied forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the army of the Teutonic Order.
• The first university of Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, was inaugurated in Turku.
• Baruch Laibov and Alexander Voznitzin are burned alive in St. Petersburg, Russia. Vonitzin had converted to Judaism with Laibov's help, with the consent of Empress Anna Ivanovna.
• Aleksei Chirikov sights land in Southeast Alaska. He sends men ashore in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to visit Alaska.

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• King Otto II and his Frankish army were defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy.
• Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II.
• Battle of Vítkov Hill, decisive victory of Czech Hussite forces commanded by Jan Žižka against Crusade army led by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Anglo-Spanish War: English and Dutch troops sack the Spanish city of Cádiz before leaving the next day.
• An expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá leaves its base in California and sets out to find the Port of Monterey (now Monterey, California).
• Foundation of the Mission San Antonio de Padua in modern California by the Franciscan friar Junípero Serra.
• Storming of the Bastille in Paris. This event escalates the widespread discontent into the French Revolution. Bastille Day is still celebrated annually in France.
• Inaugural Fête de la Fédération is held to celebrate the unity of the French people and the national reconciliation.

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• William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England.
• Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.
• The Livonian Order suffers its greatest defeat in the 13th century in the Battle of Durbe against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
• Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul de Thermes at Gravelines.
• Eighty Years' War: The Siege of Haarlem ends after seven months.
• Anglo-Spanish War: A convoy of English ships from the Levant Company manage to repel a fleet of eleven Spanish and Maltese galleys off the Mediterranean island of Pantelleria.
• English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down: In England, Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, heavily defeats the Parliamentarian forces led by Sir William Waller.
• The Continental Congress enacts the Northwest Ordinance establishing governing rules for the Northwest Territory. It also establishes procedures for the admission of new states and limits the expansion of slavery.
• Journalist and French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat is assassinated in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday, a member of the opposing political faction.
• The Battle of Trippstadt between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria begins.
• The Carabinieri, the national gendarmerie of Italy, is established.

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• The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
• The Ottomans capture Euboea.
• Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle, one of the best-documented early printed books, is published.
• King Henry VIII of England marries his sixth and last wife, Catherine Parr, at Hampton Court Palace.
• Fray Diego de Landa, acting Bishop of Yucatán, burns the sacred idols and books of the Maya.
• The Ostrog Bible, one of the early printed Bibles in a Slavic language, is published.
• Battle of Aughrim (Julian calendar): The decisive victory of William III of England's forces in Ireland.
• In response to the dismissal of the French finance minister Jacques Necker, the radical journalist Camille Desmoulins gives a speech which results in the storming of the Bastille two days later.
• The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed in France by the National Constituent Assembly.

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• After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
• Baldwin IV, 13, becomes King of Jerusalem, with Raymond III, Count of Tripoli as regent and William of Tyre as chancellor.
• Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch): A coalition around the Flemish cities defeats the king of France's royal army.
• Charles IV, Count of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia, is elected King of the Romans.
• Ming admiral Zheng He sets sail to explore the world for the first time.
• Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Ottoman capital, Edirne.
• Giuliano della Rovere is appointed bishop of Coutances.
• While exploring the North Atlantic Ocean in an attempt to find the Northwest Passage, Martin Frobisher sights Greenland, mistaking it for the hypothesized (but non-existent) island of "Frisland".
• Samuel de Champlain returns to Quebec.
• Jacques Necker is dismissed as France's Finance Minister sparking the Storming of the Bastille.
• The United States Marine Corps is re-established; they had been disbanded after the American Revolutionary War.

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• Emperor Hadrian dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.
• Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, defeats the king's Lancastrian forces and takes King Henry VI prisoner in the Battle of Northampton.
• The Portuguese explorer Nicolau Coelho returns to Lisbon after discovering the sea route to India as a companion of Vasco da Gama.
• The Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre commences with the capture of Goizueta.
• Lady Jane Grey takes the throne of England.
• William I of Orange is assassinated in his home in Delft, Holland, by Balthasar Gérard.
• English Civil War: The Battle of Langport takes place.

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• Hadrian, who became emperor a year ago on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.
• The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I.
• Korean forces under general Kim Yu-sin of Silla defeat the army of Baekje in the Battle of Hwangsanbeol.
• The Fatimid general Jawhar leads the Friday prayer in Fustat in the name of Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, thereby symbolically completing the Fatimid conquest of Egypt.
• The Old Swiss Confederacy makes great strides in establishing control over its territory by soundly defeating the Duchy of Austria in the Battle of Sempach.
• Timur attacks the Jalairid Sultanate and destroys Baghdad.
• King Henry VIII of England annuls his marriage to his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves.
• Nineteen Catholics suffer martyrdom for their beliefs in the Dutch town of Gorkum.
• Bohemia is granted freedom of religion through the Letter of Majesty by the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II.
• A Bourbon force under Nicolas Catinat withdraws from a smaller Habsburg force under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Battle of Carpi.

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• Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch.
• Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese fleet, defeats an Angevin fleet sent to put down a rebellion on Malta.
• Vasco da Gama sets sail on the first direct European voyage to India.
• Our Lady of Kazan, a holy icon of the Russian Orthodox Church, is discovered underground in the city of Kazan, Tatarstan.
• Charles II of England grants John Clarke a Royal charter to Rhode Island.
• Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava, thus effectively ending Sweden's status as a major power in Europe.
• The Battle of Dynekilen forces Sweden to abandon its invasion of Norway.
• French forces hold Fort Carillon against the British at Ticonderoga, New York.
• British forces defeat French forces in the last naval battle in New France.
• The Olive Branch Petition is signed by the Continental Congress of the Thirteen Colonies of North America.
• Church bells (possibly including the Liberty Bell) are rung after John Nixon delivers the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence of the United States.

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• Spanish conquistadores defeat a larger Aztec army at the Battle of Otumba.
• Jacques Cartier makes his first contact with aboriginal peoples in what is now Canada.
• An English fleet completes the destruction of a French merchant fleet off Fort St Pierre, Martinique during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
• The Battle of Larga between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire takes place.
• American forces retreating from Fort Ticonderoga are defeated in the Battle of Hubbardton.
• As a result of the XYZ Affair, the US Congress rescinds the Treaty of Alliance with France sparking the "Quasi-War".
• The first Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia is signed, ending hostilities between the two countries in the War of the Fourth Coalition.

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