To take an amazing journey through time, look toward the east this evening. The bright orange star Aldebaran is low in the sky around 10 o’clock. It’s about 65 light-years away. That means the light we see from Aldebaran tonight actually left the star about 65 years ago.

The Pleiades star cluster stands above Aldebaran. It’s more than 400 light-years away, so we see it as it looked around the start of the 17th century.

But an object that stands high above Aldebaran and the Pleiades carries us much farther back in time: about two-and-a-half million years — a time when the ancestors of modern humans were developing the first stone tools.

M31, the Andromeda Galaxy, is the most-distant object that’s easily visible to the eye alone — two-and-a-half million light-years away. Under a fairly dark sky, it looks like a faint smudge of light.

M31 is similar to our own galaxy, the Milky Way. It’s a wide, flat disk that contains hundreds of billions of stars. There’s a big bulge of stars in the middle, with two beautiful spiral arms wrapped around it.

The entire disk may span more than 200,000 light-years. But the outer regions of the disk are quite faint, so the part that’s visible to the eye alone is about half that size. So we see the far side of the disk as it looked a hundred-thousand years farther in the past than the near side — a sort of time machine within a time machine for this giant city of stars.

More about M31 tomorrow.

Script by Damond Benningfield