Ahead of the United Nations 30th annual climate conference, Bill Gates released a memo that, you could say, surprised a lot of people. That’s because in this memo he seemingly changed his position on climate change, acknowledging that there is no “doomsday” risk from global warming.

Now, the memo is long (it’s over 5,000 words) and it’s filled with data, graphs, charts, and anecdotes—laying out the argument that climate change is not going to lead to the end of civilization, that measuring temperatures isn’t the best measure of progress on the issue, and that thirdly, the money being spent on climate related issues would be better allocated towards improving human health and prosperity.