Gregory J. Downey's Closed Captioning: Subtitling, Stenography, and the Digital Convergence of Text with Television examines the history and geography of speech-to-text technologies. The book traces the evolution of subtitling in film, stenography in court reporting, and closed captioning for television, highlighting the technological and social factors influencing their development and the labor practices involved. Downey analyzes the convergence of these systems, emphasizing the roles of technology, labor, and social actors in shaping information access and communication. The study also explores the interplay between technological innovation, economic pressures, and social movements, particularly within the Deaf community.
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