This clinical guideline was created to improve patient care by outlining the appropriate information gathering and decision-making processes involved in the treatment of patients with perioperative spinal disease. The purpose of this work is to systematically review the literature to form evidence-based guidelines regarding the relationship between duration and dose of preoperative opioids and patient-reported outcomes and adverse events after elective spine surgery for degenerative conditions. We also review the literature regarding the association between preoperative opioid weaning and these outcomes.

J. Bradley Elder, MD

Sanjay Dhall, MD

Marjorie C. Wang, MD, MPH