It’s so interesting to see how medical evidence evolves, and changes, over time. The result of course is that clinical practice evolves and changes as well. The story of umbilical cord management at time of delivery highlights this very issue very well. The ACOG first recommended delayed cord clamping (DCC) in 2012, for preterm infants, as data showed marked improvement in neonatal outcomes in that population. In this episode, we will briefly walk through the timeline from 2012 to the latest update on DCC which came from the AAP in October 2025, just one month after the ACOG had their DCC update. This story also exemplifies how professional medical societies don’t always have the SAME recommendations, with small tweaks, in their guidance. So, Dr Chapa and I will summarize these key updates…Listen in for details!

1. ACOG 2012: DCC for preterm infants only

2. ACOG 2016: ACOG Recommends Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping for All Healthy Infants, including term: https://mdedge.com/obgynnews/article/121349/obstetrics/acog-supports-delayed-umbilical-cord-clamping-term-infants

3. ACOG Dec 2020, CO 814: Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping After Birth

4. ACOG Obstet Gynecol. January 2022; 139(1): 121–137. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004625. Management of Placental Transfusion to Neonates After Delivery

5. ACOG (ePUB July ) Sept 2025: ACOG releases a Clinical Practice Update: An Update to Clinical Guidance for Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping After Birth in Preterm Neonates

6. AHA/AAP Oct 2025 Update: Neonatal Resuscitation: 2025 American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care

Podcast Family, we have covered PCOS on this show many times in the past; and yet- again, there is new information! A new publication from AJOG (Gray journal) describes a new meta-analysis on preconception/continued metformin use in the first trimester. Is this helpful? How does this contrast with the 2023 international guidance update on PCOS? Listen in for details.

1. ASRM: Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023)

2. Cheshire J, Garg A, Smith P, Devall AJ, Coomarasamy A, Dhillon-Smith RK. Preconception and first-trimester metformin on pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2025 Dec;233(6):530-547.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2025.05.038. Epub 2025 Jun 3. PMID: 40473092.

3. Løvvik TS, Carlsen SM, Salvesen Ø, et al. Use of Metformin to Treat Pregnant Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PregMet2): A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2019;7(4):256-266. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30002-6.

4. Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven J, et al. Recommendations From the 2023 International Evidence-Based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Fertility and Sterility. 2023;120(4):767-793. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.07.025.

Major health organizations, including the CDC and ACOG, recommend universal Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) screening for all pregnant women during each pregnancy and at time of delivery. Ideally, pregnant women should be screened for hepatitis C virus infection at the first prenatal visit of each pregnancy. If the antibody screen result is positive, hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase chain reaction testing is done to confirm the diagnosis. The risk of perinatal transmission of HCV is up to 9%, with at least one-third of transmissions occurring antenatally. While antiviral therapy is recommended for Hepatitis B in pregnancy with a viral load greater than 200,000 international units/mL to decrease the risk of vertical transmission, the same is not the case for Hep C. According to the ACOG CPG #6 from September 2023, there are no standard treatment protocols for Hep C in pregnancy but a new publication from the PINK journal (7 Dec 2025) is calling for a change. That new publication is, “Hepatitis C Treatment During Pregnancy: Time for a Practice Change”. Listen in for details.

1. ACOG CPG #6; Sept 2026

2. Bhattacharya D, Aronsohn A, Price J, Lo Re V. Hepatitis C Guidance 2023 Update: AASLD-IDSA Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2023;:ciad319. doi:10.1093/cid/ciad319.

3. Chappell CA, Kiser JJ, Brooks KM, et al. Sofosbuvir/¬Velpatasvir Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy in Pregnant People With Hepatitis C Virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2025;80(4):744-751. doi:10.1093/cid/ciae595.

4. Reau N, Munoz SJ, Schiano T. Liver Disease During Pregnancy. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2022;117(10S):44-52. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001960.

5. Dutra, Karley et al. Hepatitis C Treatment During Pregnancy: Time for a Practice Change. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, Volume 0, Issue 0, 101865

6. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #56: Hepatitis C in Pregnancy-Updated Guidelines: Replaces Consult Number 43, November 2017. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). Electronic address: [email protected], Dotters-Katz SK, Kuller JA, Hughes BL. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2021;225(3):B8-B18. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.06.008

Welcome to the no spin podcast. In today's episode, we're tackling a subject that's gaining traction but carries significant risks: the freebirth and wildbirth movement. We'll explore the rising trends of unassisted childbirth, where individuals choose to forgo professional medical care during labor and delivery- or during the prenatal period altogether, and the potential devastating outcomes associated with these practices. Join us as we unpack the motivations behind these choices, the lack of evidence supporting their safety, and the serious harms that can arise for both parent and baby. We'll be examining medical guidelines, and real-world consequences to provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of this complex issue. It’s a balance between patient autonomy, advocacy, and potentially allowing an atrocity. Listen in for details.

1. Apr 20, 2020 ACOG Statement on Birth Settings: https://www.acog.org/news/news-releases/2020/04/acog-statement-on-birth-settings

2. Planned Home Birth ACOG CO 697

3. https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/nov/22/free-birth-society-linked-to-babies-deaths-investigation

4. https://birthguidechicago.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/home_births_rcog_rcm0607.pdf

In 2024, the ASCCP updated their guidance to include DualStain technology as part of primary HPV cervical cancer screening. Now, on December 4, 2025, the ACS has updated their guidance regarding patient self-collectionof vaginal specimens for primary HPV screening. This is fascinating and proves medicine moves fast! Should a negative self-collection test result have a repeatscreen in 1, 3 or 5 years, or later? Listen in for details.

1.     Self-collected vaginal specimens for humanpapillomavirus testing and guidance on screening exit: An update to theAmerican Cancer Society cervical cancer screening guideline

2.     https://open.spotify.com/episode/5x4J3TQJPdkHtV9RLTUi5o

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In the original Løvset maneuver (described for breech presentations), the fetus is rotated in one direction to facilitate arm delivery. For shoulder dystocia, the reverse Løvset applies rotation in the opposite direction—specifically rotating the posterior shoulder toward a "belly down" position through up to 180 degrees of rotation. These maneuvers were first described by Norwegian obstetrician Jørgen Løvset in the 1940s. Now, in the current November 2025 AJOG, this maneuver is back in the spotlight. In this episode, we will review the reverse Løvset maneuver for shoulder dystocia and review its effectiveness. Which maneuver is more likely to result in fetal brachial plexus injury? Listen in for details.

1. A critical evaluation of the external and internal maneuvers for resolution of shoulder dystocia, March 2024; AJOG. https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(23)00022-4/fulltext

2. Grindheim, Sindre et al.Reverse Løvset maneuver for shoulder dystocia, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Volume 233, Issue 5, 505.e1 - 505.e4

3. Leung TY, Stuart O, Suen SS, Sahota DS, Lau TK, Lao TT. Comparison of perinatal outcomes of shoulder dystocia alleviated by different type and sequence of manoeuvres: a retrospective review. BJOG. 2011 Jul;118(8):985-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.02968.x. Epub 2011 Apr 12. PMID: 21481159.

4. Grobman WA, Miller D, Burke C, Hornbogen A, Tam K, Costello R. Outcomes associated with introduction of a shoulder dystocia protocol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(6):513−517.

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Misoprostol, as an E1 prostaglandin, is primarily used in obstetrics for cervical ripening (when the Bishop Score is under 6) and/or for labor INDUCTION (to begin labor). IV oxytocin is the principal agent used to augmentlabor, as needed, once labor has begun. In the US, misoprostol is not typically used after 4-6 cm cervical dilation. However, in a patient who requires augmentation,and who declines Pitocin while asking or oral misoprostol, can that be used? Is that evidence-based? The data may surprise you. Listen in for details.

1.     SOGC Guideline No. 432c: Induction of Labour Robinson,Debbie Campbell, Kim Hobson, Sebastian R. MacDonald, W. Kim Sawchuck, DianeWagner, Brenda et al. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada , Volume 45, Issue 1, 70 - 77.e3

2.     Bracken H, Lightly K, Mundle S, et al. OralMisoprostol Alone Versus Oral Misoprostol Followed by Oxytocin for Labour Induction in Women With Hypertension in Pregnancy (MOLI): Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2021;21(1):537.doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04009-8.

3.     Bleich AT, Villano KS, Lo JY, et al. OralMisoprostol for Labor Augmentation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011;118(6):1255-1260. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318236df5b.

4.     Ho M, Cheng SY, Li TC. Titrated Oral MisoprostolSolution Compared With Intravenous Oxytocin for Labor Augmentation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2010;116(3):612-618. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181ed36cc.

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Actinomyces species are considered part of the normal vaginal and urogenital tract flora. The percentage of Pap smears containing Actinomyces-like organisms varies but is most commonly reported as approximately 7% among women using IUDs. That number is supported by multiple sources, including the Infectious Diseases Society of America guideline and several clinical studies. The incidence can be higher or lower depending on the type of IUD; for example, copper IUDs have been associated with rates up to 20%, while levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs show lower rates around 2.9%. In women with an IUD, who are found to have this finding on their liquid-based Pap smear, what is the appropriate management? In this episode, which comes from one of our podcast family members, we will discuss this topic and it’s management in both symptomatic and symptomatic (pelvic pain) IUD wearing women.

1. McHugh KE, Sturgis CD, Procop GW, Rhoads DD. The Cytopathology of Actinomyces, Nocardia, and Their Mimickers. Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2017;45(12):1105-1115. doi:10.1002/dc.23816.

2. Practice Bulletin No. 186: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2017;130(5):e251-e269. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002400.

3. Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2024 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2024; ciae104. doi:10.1093/cid/ciae104.

5. Carrara J, Hervy B, Dabi Y, et al. Added-Value of Endometrial Biopsy in the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for Pelvic Actinomycosis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(3):E821. doi:10.3390/jcm9030821.

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) affects approximately 5% of couples and is an emotional burden on those affected. There is some evidence that vaginal progesterone supplementation may be considered in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss who are experiencing vaginal bleeding during the first trimester. But what about prophylactic low dose aspirin in the first trimester, or preconceptionally, for unexplained RPL? Is that evidence-based? A new publication from the SMFM’s journal Pregnancy has examined this. Listen in for details.

1. 22 November 2025: Low-dose aspirin in unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Pregnancy): https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pmf2.70099

2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Obstetric Practice, T. Flint Porter, Cynthia Gyanff-Bannerman, Tracy Manuck. Low-Dose Aspirin Use During Pregnancy. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2018)

3. Naimi AI, Perkins NJ, Sjaarda LA, et al. The Effect of Preconception-Initiated Low-Dose Aspirin on Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Detected Pregnancy, Pregnancy Loss, and Live Birth : Per Protocol Analysis of a Randomized Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2021;174(5):595-601. doi:10.7326/M20-0469.

4. Lee EE, Jun JK, Lee EB.Management of Women With Antiphospholipid Antibodies or Antiphospholipid Syndrome During Pregnancy. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2021;36(4):e24. doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e24.

5. de Assis V, Giugni CS, Ros ST. Evaluation of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Obstet Gynecol. 2024 May 1;143(5):645-659. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005498. Epub 2024 Jan 4. PMID: 38176012.

Having data is sometimes different than having clinically applicable data. This is exactly the issue with the proposed plan to reduce surgical site infection (SSI) by changing surgical gloves after placental delivery at C-Section. Just 24 hours ago, we received the question from a PGY4 OBGYN resident asking whether the practice of changing surgical gloves at C-Section after placental delivery to reduce SSI was evidence-based. So, in this episode, we will review the data - which is timely since this was recently published on November 13, 2025 in the J Hospital Infection. This study follows a statement on this practice released by FIGO in September 2025. It’s an interesting proposal, and there is clearly data in support of this, yet the ACOG and CDC do not recommend this practice as of Nov 2025. Is there a disconnect? Listen in for details.

1. FIGO: https://www.figo.org/news/new-ijgo-review-provides-comprehensive-framework-preventing-post-caesarean-sepsis (International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics)

2. Stanberry B, Jordan L, Pullyblank A, Hargreaves J. Glove change during caesarean birth: impact on maternity service budgets and capacity. J Hosp Infect. 2025 Nov 13:S0195-6701(25)00354-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2025.10.033. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41241232.

3. Narice BF, Almeida JR, Farrell T, Madhuvrata P. Impact of Changing Gloves During Cesarean Section on Postoperative Infective Complications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2021;100(9):1581-1594. doi:10.1111/aogs.14161.

4. Routine Sterile Glove and Instrument Change at the Time of Abdominal Wound Closure to Prevent Surgical Site Infection (ChEETAh): A Pragmatic, Cluster-Randomised Trial in Seven Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries.

NIHR Global Research Health Unit on Global Surgery. Lancet (London, England). 2022;400(10365):1767-1776. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01884-0.

5. Gialdini C, Chamillard M, Diaz V, Pasquale J, Thangaratinam S, Abalos E, Torloni MR, Betran AP. Evidence-based surgical procedures to optimize caesarean outcomes: an overview of systematic reviews. EClinicalMedicine. 2024 May 19;72:102632. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102632. PMID: 38812964; PMCID: PMC11134562.