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It's the world's favourite sweet snack, and the chocolate industry is worth over $100 billion.

Discover the fantastic history of where it comes from, how it became so popular, and learn about some of the economics of chocolate production. 

• The Theobroma Cacao tree: where it all starts
• Aztecs & the early years of drinking chocolate
• The arrival of the Spanish Conquistadors & a ‘bitter drink for pigs’
• Arriving in Europe
• How cacao trees grow (and why it can't in Europe)
• The invention of the cacao press
• The golden era of chocolate
• The industrialisation of the chocolate process
• Chocolate manufacturing & poverty
• Cacao trading & buying futures
• Chocfinger: the man who cornered the world cacao market

Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/chocolate

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It's the most famous cryptocurrency in the world, and went up in value by 269% in 2020.

In this episode, we take a look at what it actually is, how it works, why some people think it is the future of money and others think it is a giant bubble.

• How 'traditional' money works
• Banks and storing money
• 1971 and leaving the gold standard
• Inflation
• Satoshi Nakamoto & the Bitcoin whitepaper
• Principles of bitcoin
• How bitcoin payments work
• How the blockchain works
• Bitcoin and inflation
• Why the bitcoin price goes up and down
• Buying things with bitcoin
• The first pizzas bought with bitcoin
• Why people don't like bitcoin
• The US Federal Reserve & bitcoin

Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/bitcoin

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It's the iconic Italian scooter that has conquered the world.

Learn about how it started, how it got its name, and why it has become such a huge, global success story.

• “A completely Italian product, such as we have not seen since the Roman chariot”
• 1884 and the founding of Piaggio
• World War I and making aeroplanes
• World War II and being bombed by the Allies
• Rebuilding the factory and deciding to build a scooter
• Version 1: Donald Duck
• Version 2: The Vespa
• Designing a scooter from the ground up
• Selling 1 million scooters by 1956
• Vespa and Hollywood
• Vespa as an aspirational symbol
• Vespas in the UK: Mods vs. Rockers
• Vespa in Italy today
• Weird records in a Vespa

Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/vespa

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You might think that nothing of historical importance ever happens on Christmas Day, but you'd be wrong.

Here are 9 weird and wonderful events.

The one thing they have in common? They all happened on December 25th.

• Jesus of Nazareth - born on December 25th?
• Event #1 - Crowing of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor
• Event #2 - Coronation of William the Conqueror as King of England
• Event #3 - Discovery of Celcius as a measure of temperature
• Event #4 - Andrew Johnson pardoning Confederate soldiers
• Event #5 - The ceasefire of World War I
• Event #6 - The Apollo 8 space shuttle leaves Earth's orbit
• Event #7 - The execution of Ceaușescu 
• Event #8 - The first live testing of the World Wide Web
• Event #9 - The resignation of Mikhael Gorbachev

Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/9-things-happened-christmas-day

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He was the creator of utilitarianism, a philosophical framework for how societies should be structured, based on the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

Learn about the fascinating life of this interesting character, how this theory impacted the law, and how he was true to his beliefs even in death.

• Bentham's early life as a child prodigy
• Enlightenment principles
• Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
• Measuring pleasure vs. pain
• The six different measurements of pleasure and pain
• Rejecting existing laws
• The Panopticon and treatment of criminals
• Why should someone be killed for stealing?
• Problems with utilitarianism
• Defining the true meaning of happiness
• Applying utilitarianism to economics, sexuality and animal rights
• Bentham's wishes for his body when he died
• The theft of Jeremy Bentham's head

Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/jeremy-bentham

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He is the father of modern biology, and his 1869 book On the Origin of Species presented a revolutionary new idea about how species evolve.

Discover the amazing story of Charles Darwin, and the journey of how he developed this groundbreaking theory.

• Early life of Charles Darwin
• Being sent to medical school aged 16
• Developing an early interest in the natural world
• Moving to Cambridge and starting the journey of becoming a priest
• What happens when you put a beetle in your mouth
• Creationism & evolution
• The trip of a lifetime
• 5 weeks in the Galapagos Islands
• Returning to Britain and working in secret
• Publishing On the Origin of Species
• Modern theories of evolution

Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/charles-darwin

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The personality industry is worth billions, and promises to help us better understand ourselves.

But how did it start? How does it actually work?

And most importantly, does it actually work?

• What are personality tests?
• Historical ideas of personality & character: The four humours
• Sigmund Freud & Carl Jung
• Katharine Cook Briggs & Isabel Briggs-Myers: the mother and daughter pair from Michigan
• The Myers-Briggs Personality Indicator
• Personality within a family environment
• How The Myers-Briggs Personality Indicator works
• Corporate America & personality tests
• Personality testing: a billion dollar industry
• Problems with the personality test industry
• The Forer effect
• Why The Myers-Briggs Personality Indicator has remained so popular

Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/personality-tests

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It's the biggest shopping day of the year. How did it start, what actually happens, and how much do people really spend?

Plus, learn about the history of discounting, and how companies trick you into buying things you don't need.

• How much people spend on Black Friday
• How Black Friday has developed over the years
• The history of Black Friday (it doesn't come from 'going into the black')
• Coca-Cola and the first mass discount
• The business of discounting
• Tricks companies use to get you to buy stuff you don't need
• Trick #1 - The Rule of 100 
• Trick #2 - Using prices with fewer syllables
• Trick #3 - Phased discounting
• The Black Friday alternative: Buy Nothing Day
• What Leonardo English is (or isn't) doing for Black Friday

Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/black-friday-history-of-discounting

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Starting in the 17th century, Britain sent hundreds of thousands of people to America and Australia for crimes as small as stealing a loaf of bread.

Learn about why this happened, how it worked, and the legacy it has left on the countries where these prisoners were sent to.

• Sending criminals away as a punishment - as old as time
• The Bloody Code & being killed for stealing a rabbit
• Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions on society
• Prison boats
• Sending criminals to America
• What life was like in America as a prisoner
• The American Revolution & finding a new place for prisoners
• The discovery of Australia
• The convicts' journey to Australia
• 1 in 5 Australians is a descendant of a convict
• Penal colonies in other countries
• The cultural impact of sending prisoners to the colonies

Full interactive transcript, subtitles and key vocabulary available on the website: https://www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts/penal-colonies

Join the conversation:

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• fb.me/leonardoenglishapp
• Join the Leonardo English community: community.leonardoenglish.com

** More about Leonardo English and the English for Curious Minds podcast **

Learning English shouldn't be boring. It should open your mind.

English Learning for Curious Minds is a podcast aimed at intermediate level English speakers and above, where listeners learn fascinating things about the world while learning English.

There's no small-talk, no boring grammar exercises or vocabulary drills.

You'll learn English by listening, by hearing real conversations and real English, spoken by native speakers, and at a speed you can understand.

You can become a member of Leonardo English and get access to every podcast, transcripts, key vocabulary, an exclusive community, and be able to participate in members-only live sessions.

Discover a more interesting way to improve your English at leonardoenglish.com/subscribe

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