Join us as Moudhy Al Rashid delves into Between Two Rivers: Ancient Mesopotamia and the Birth of History, exploring the cradle of civilization where writing, law, and urban society first emerged. We uncover the ingenuity of early rulers, their respect for historical preservation, and the cultural innovations that shaped humanity's first civilizations.

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THIS WEEK'S THE COLLECTOR.COM'S ARTICLE SELECTION:

1. How did Mesopotamia Become the Cradle of Civilization?
2. Ancient Mesopotamia: How did art lead to writing?

The Free City of Danzig was established in 1920 under the Treaty of Versailles as a semi-autonomous city-state to provide Poland access to the sea while appeasing both German and Polish interests. Although nominally independent, it was heavily influenced by Germany, leading to tensions with Poland over trade, customs, and citizenship. These tensions, coupled with rising Nazi influence in the 1930s, made Danzig a flashpoint in the lead-up to World War II, culminating in its annexation by Germany in 1939 and the outbreak of the war.

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Thomas Jefferson, as President, faced the challenge of the Barbary States—North African pirate nations demanding tribute from American merchant ships—in the early 19th century. Refusing to continue paying ransom, Jefferson deployed the U.S. Navy and Marines, marking the first significant overseas military action in American history and establishing the young nation's resolve to protect its interests abroad. The conflict, particularly the daring 1805 attack on Tripoli's harbor, enhanced Jefferson's reputation and laid the groundwork for a permanent U.S. naval presence in the Mediterranean.

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Scientology was founded in the early 1950s by science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard, who published Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health in 1950, promoting a system he claimed could cure psychological and physical ailments through a process called auditing. The movement evolved into the Church of Scientology, establishing a highly organized religious structure, celebrity outreach, and controversial practices, including aggressive legal and public relations campaigns. Over the decades, it has faced criticism for alleged exploitation, secrecy, and harassment of critics, while maintaining a devoted international following.

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In 1932, during the depths of the Great Depression, roughly 17,000 World War I veterans, known as the Bonus Army, marched on Washington, D.C., demanding early payment of a promised service bonus not due until 1945. They set up makeshift camps in the capital, but tensions escalated when Congress refused their demands, and President Hoover ordered the U.S. Army to forcibly remove them. The eviction turned violent, with soldiers burning the veterans' camps and using tear gas, leaving a lasting stain on Hoover's presidency and deepening public anger over the government's handling of the economic crisis.

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TODAY IN CONTEXT BONUS EPISODE: President Trump's recent call for federal intervention in Chicago sparked widespread backlash... Today's Bonus episode traces this moment through U.S. history, from the Pullman Strike of 1894 and federal troop deployments in the Gilded Age, through urban unrest in the 1960s and 1990s, showing a recurring pattern of presidents stepping into city crises amid sensationalized media coverage. By examining these precedents, from Cleveland to Johnson, Nixon, and Bush, the episode points to how federal involvement in American cities has long provoked political tension, social consequences, and lasting debates over law, order, and civil rights.

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LIMITED SERIES 11: SECRET WW2 - Operation Himmler was a covert Nazi German operation in 1939 designed to fabricate Polish aggression against Germany, using staged attacks on German territory as a pretext for invading Poland. These false-flag incidents, including the infamous Gleiwitz radio station attack, were part of Hitler's propaganda strategy to justify the outbreak of World War II to both the German public and the international community.

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In 1893, amid a severe economic depression, President Grover Cleveland secretly underwent surgery aboard a yacht to remove a cancerous tumor from his mouth, a procedure kept hidden from the public to avoid further destabilizing confidence in the U.S. economy. This unprecedented secrecy, involving a team of physicians and an anesthetized Cleveland under the cover of night, remains one of the most remarkable examples of presidential discretion in American history.

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In this captivating episode, we sit down with historian Scott Ellsworth to discuss his latest book, Midnight on the Potomac: The Last Year of the Civil War, the Lincoln Assassination, and the Rebirth of America. Ellsworth offers a fresh perspective on the Civil War's final year, revealing new insights into John Wilkes Booth's collaboration with the Confederate Secret Service, the pivotal roles of marginalized figures, and the profound political and social transformations that shaped America's rebirth.

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THIS WEEK'S THE COLLECTOR.COM'S ARTICLE SELECTION:

1. The Lost Cause Philosophy

2. Abraham Lincoln's Assassination

The Florentine Renaissance saw two of its greatest minds, Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi, locked in a fierce competition: Ghiberti ultimately won the commission for the elaborate bronze doors of the Baptistery with his exquisite relief work, while Brunelleschi went on to revolutionize architecture by engineering the massive, self-supporting dome of the Florence Cathedral. Their rivalry not only highlighted their extraordinary talents but also set a benchmark for artistic and engineering innovation that defined the era.

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