Incomplet Design History by Amanda Horton

October 19, 2023 Underground Comix Part 2

If it seems like the underground comix scene was a raucous and raunchy boys club, that’s fairly accurate. However, there were plenty of women artists who reacted against the sexist depictions of women in comix, of which there was plenty. Their complaints about how women were being portrayed was seen to be just more censorship heaped on the male comix artists. Rather than just be quiet and go away, women like Trina Robbins, Willy Mendes, Linda Barry, Mary Fleener, and many others started drawing, bringing their own voices into the underground comix scene. Their experience in comix wasn’t all smooth sailing either. The women creating comix also insisted on absolute artistic freedom and the space to explore difficult topics, but it came at a price just like it did for the male comix artists. Undercover police, raids, and lawsuits while not necessarily the norm, seemed to be always looming. While some comix titles managed to run longer than others, the heyday of comix was all but over by the mid 1970s. However, the influence of underground comix is evident in the comics and graphic novels being published today that are willing to have serious discussions about equally serious topics.

TIMELINE

1880s – Comics began publication in American newspapers
1895 – The Yellow Kid by Richard Outcault first published
1914 – Krazy Kat by Geroge Herriman first published
1920s – Tijuana Bibles began to be published
1930s – Comic book began in America
1931 – Alice Schenker (born Alice Olsen) born in Racine, WI
1933 – Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster created Superman
1936-1939 – The comic magazine format became popular
1936 – Victor Moscoso born in Spain
1937 – Frank Stack born in Houston, TX
1938 – Gary Arlington born in San Jose, CA
1938 – Trina Robbins born in Brooklyn, NY
1939 – “She Saw The World’s Fair” published by Wesley Morse
1939 – Harvey Pekar born in Cleveland, OH
1939 – Richard “Grass” Green born in Fort Wayne, IN
1940-1950s – Comic burnings became common in America
1940 – Gilbert Shelton born in Houston, TX
1940 – Manuel “Spain” Reodriguez born in Buffalo, NY
1941 – Vaughn Bodé born in Utica, NY
1941 – S. Clay Wilson (Steven Clay Wilson) born in Lincoln, Nebraska
1941 – Jack “Jaxon” Jackson born in Texas
1942 – Rand Holmes born in Nova Scotia
1942 – Dan O’Neil born
1943 – Joel Beck born in Ross, CA
1943 – Robert Williaams born in Los Angeles, CA
1944 – George Herriman dies
1944 – Howard Cruse is born in Birmingham, AL
1943 – Robert Crumb born in Philadelphia, PA
1944 – Rick Griffin born in California
1944 – Bill Griffith born
1944 – Kim Deitch born in Los Angeles, CA
1944 – Max Gaines establishes Educational Comics
1944 – Mervyn “Skip” Williamson born in San Antonio, TX
1945 – Lee Mars born
1947 – Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster sued in NY Supreme Court to regain their rights to Superman; they lose the case and their jobs at DC Comics
1947 – Jay Lynch born in Orange, NJ
1947 – Max Gaines dies in a boat crash; son William Gaines takes over EC Comics
1948 – Art Spiegelman born in Stockholm, Sweden
1948 – Barbara “Willy” Mendes born
1948 – Aline Kominsky-Crumb born in Long Beach, NY
1949 – Marry Wings born Mary Geller in Chicago, IL
1950s – Student Press Movement starts
1950 – Educational Comics becomes Entertaining Comics under William Gaines
1950 – Gary Panter born in Durant, OK
1951 – Mary Fleener born
1952-1956 – Harvey Kurtzman is the editor of MAD Magazine
1953 – Roberta Gregory born in Los Angeles, CA
1954 – “Seduction of the Innocent” by psychiatrist Frederick Werthan published
1954 – Comics Code Authority established
1954 – Victor Moscoso starts at Cooper Union Art School in Manhattan
1955 – William Gaines starts humor magazine, MAD Magazine
1955 – Charles Burns born
1956 – After being cited by the CCA, EC comics diverts resources to new title MAD Magazine
1956 – Ralph Bakshi starts animating at Terrytoons
1956 – Alice and Don Schenker marry
1956 – Lynda Barry born in Richland Center, WI
1957 – Harvey Kurtzmaan’s Trump magazine published
1957 – Peter Baagge born in New York
1957-1960 – Spain Rodriguez studies at Silvermine Guild School of Art in New Canaan, CT
1958 – Moe Moskowitz moves to Bay Are and opens bookstore
1958 – Robert Crumb and his brother Charles publish satire magazine “Foo”
1958-1962 – Frank Stack and Gilbert Shelton edit University of Texas at Austin’s newspaper, The Texas Ranger
1959 – Victor Moscoso moves to San Francisco, CA
1960s – Underground comix movement started
1960 – MAD Magazine had circulation of 1.4 million
1960 – Rick Griffin met filmmaker John Severson at screening of Surf Fever movie
1960 – Harvey Kurtzman starts Help! Magazine
1960 – Phoebe Gloeckner born in Philadelphia, PA
1960 – Alison Bechdel born in Beech Creek, PA
1961 – Skip Williamson sells first comic to Help! Magazine
1961 – Daniel Clowes born in Chicaago, IL
1963 – In mainstream comics, Dell, DC and Marvel were the major publishers
1963 – Rick Griffin starts working at Surfer Magazine as a cartoonist, debuting “Murphy”
1963 – Rick Griffin is seriously injured as a passenger in a drunk driving accident
1963 – Spain Rodriguez starts work at the Western Electric Company Plant
1963 – Jay Lynch moves to Chicago to become a cartoonist
1956 – America gets involved in the Vietnam War
1963 – March On Washington
1963 – President John F. Kennedy assassinated
1963 – Betty Friedan’s “The Feminine Mystique” is published
1964 – Jack “Jaxon” Jackson publishes “God Nose”
1964 – After being promoted to director of cartoons at Terrytown, Ralph Bakshi left to run animation at Paramount Pictures
1962 – Frank Stack publishes “The Adventures of Jesus”
1962 – Harvey Pekar and Robert Crumb meet in Cleveland, OH and become friends and collaborators
1965 – Birth of the Underground Press
1965 – Rick Griffin picks up “Murphy” comics in Surfer after a pause
1965 – Schenkers launch Print Mint inside of Moskowitz’s bookstore
1965 – Spain Rodriguez spends summer in NYC creating cartoons for The Militant paper and joined anarchist group Resurgence Youth Movement
1965 – Robert Williams starts working as Art Director for Ed “Big Daddy” Roth
1965 – Robert Crumb starts taking LSD
1965 – Julie Doucet born in Saint-Lambert Quebec, Canada
1965-1966 – Mario Savia’s Free Speech Movement impacts Berkely’s campus
1966 – After graduating from San Francisco Art Institute, Victor Moscoso joins faculty
1966 – Art Spiegelman is Topps Bubblegum’s star artist
1966 – Spain Rodriguez has his first cover in paper East Village Other
1966 – Trina Robbins moved back to NYC from LA and worked for East Village Other as advisor and illustrator
1966 – Rick Griffin joins Jook Savages and designs posters for their art shows in San Francisco
1966 – Kim Deitch moves to NYC and gets “Sunshine Girl” published in The East Village Other
1966 – Joel Beck publishes “Lenny of Laredo”, “Marching Marvin” and “The Profit”
1966 – Print Mint publishes their first comix, a reprint of Beck’s “Lenny of Laredo”
1966 – NOW, of the National Organization for Women, was formed
1966 – Underground Press Syndicate established by East Village Other editor Walter Bowart
1966 – Weekly & monthly underground papers regularly publish Underground Comix
1967 – Robert Crumb leaves Cleveland, OH, his job at Americana Greetings, and wife Dana to move to San Francisco, CA
1967 – Gilbert Shelton’s “Wonder Wart Hog” published by Pete Millar
1967 – Victor Moscoso and RIck Griffin begin to collaborate on posters and Zap Comics covers
1967 – Rick Griffin commissioned for “Pow-Wow, a Gathering of the Tribes for a Human Be-In” held in Golden Gate Park’s polo grounds
1967 – Art Spiegelman comes up with the idea for Wacky Packs working for Topps Bubblegum
1967 – “Summer of Love” takes place in San Francisco for 9 months
1967 – Bijou Funnies, initially The Chicago Mirror, founded by Skip WIlliamson and Jay Lynch in Chigaco, IL
1967 – Art Spiegelman moves to San Francisco, CA
1967 – “Cavalier” Magazine serializes Robert Crumb’s “Fritz the Cat”
1967 – First drawings of Gilbert Shelton’s The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers appear on a flier for short student film “The Texas Hippies March on the Capitol”
1967-1973 – Jay Lynch’s “‘Nard ‘n’ Pat” comic publication years
1968 – Rand Holmes moves to Vancouver, Canada and works for Georgia Straight a weekly underground tabloid and starts “The Adventures of Harold Hedd”
1968 – S. Clay Wilson moves to San Francisco and becomes friends with Robert Crumb, starts to contribute to Zap Comics
1968 – First issue of Zap Comix by Robert Crumb released
1968 – “Keep on Truckin’” one page comix published in Zap Comix by Robert Crumb
1968 – Robert Crumb sends for his wife Dana to join him in San Francisco
1968 – Robert Crumb first sees S. Clay Wilson’s comix work
1968 – Gary Arlington opens his comic book store in the Mission District in San Francisco, CA
1968 – Spain Rodriguez’s cover for Feb 2nd issue of East Village Other creates legal issues over depiction of a sexual act
1968 – Robert Crumb publishes “Zap”
1968 – Skip Williamson’s “Snappy Sammy Smoot (1968-1996) makes its debut in Bijou Funnies
1968 – Robert William’s controversial painting “Appetite for Destruction” is used as album art for the Guns ‘N’ Roses album of the same name
1968 – “Yellow Dog” comix anthology started by Joel Beck and John Thompson
1968-1973 – Skip Williamson’s Sammy Smoot character is played by Carl Reiner on the comedy TV show “Rowan and Martin’s Laugh-In”
1968-1975 – Considered the boom years of Underground Comix
1968 – Apex Novelties ran by Don Donaahue starts publishing comix
1968 – US Government outlaws LSD
1968 – Robert Crumb starts “Snatch Comix” published by Apex Novelties
1969 – Neil Armstrong lands on the moon
1969-1970 – “Odd Bodkins” by Dan O’Neil is published in the San Francisco Oracle
1969 – Whitney Museum Exhibition “Human Concern/Personal Torment: The Grotesque in American Art” showed some of Robert Crumb’s work
1969 – Roger Brand at the first comic convention panel for Underground Comix artists, declined to invite Trina Robbins
1969 – Rip Off Press founded by Gilbert Shelton, Jack “Jaxon” Jackson, Dave Moriarty and Fred Todd
1969 – Kim Deitch and Trinaa Robbins start dating
1969 – Bill Griffith and Jay Kinney meet and start idea for “Young Lust”
1969 – Vaughn Bode briefly edits “Gothic Blimp Works”; Kim Deitch begins to edit “Gothic Blimp Works”
1969 – Print Mint is raided by police over “Zap Comix” fourth issue (featured “Joe Blow” incest comic by Robert Crumb)
1969 – Schenkers arrested over violation of California Penal Code Section 311.2 (illegal distribution of pornography) due to publishing “Zap Comics” fourth issue
1969 – S. Clay Wilson contributes to “Jiz Comics” under pseudonym Howard Crankwood
1970s – Graphic Novel format began
1970s –Jack “Jaxon” Jackson creates historical narrative comix like “Comanche Moon”, “Los Tejanos”
1970 – Ed “Big Daddy” Roth’s shop closes and Robert Williams ends his tenure as Art Director
1970 – Chris Kirkpatrick, owner of New Yorker Book Store that sold Zap Comix, convicted
1970 – Bill Griffith moves to San Francisco, CA
1970 – Trina Robbins and Kim Deitch’s daughter Casey born
1970 – “It Ain’t Me Babe” the first women’s liberation newspaper, was published in Berkley
1970 – Kitchen Sink Press ran by Denis Kitchen founded
1970 – “Skull” published by Rip Off Press
1970 – Many Underground Comix artists met and created The Cartoon Workers Union
1970 – Robert William released collected “Coochy Cooty Men’s Comics” published by Print Mint
1970 – Last Gasp Eco Funnies ran by Ron Turner founded
1970 – “Young Lust” by Bill Griffith and Jaay Kinney published by Company & Sons
1970 – Robert Crumb meets with Ralph Bakshi and Steve Kraantz about making a movie out of his popular character Fritz the Cat
1970 – “Abortion Eve” comic produced by Joyce Farmer and Lyn Chevely
1970 – Spain Rodriguez releases “Zodiac Mindwarp” (East Village Other) and “Subert” (Rip Off Press)
1970 – Kim Deitch and Trina Robbins end their relationship
1971 – Gilbert Shelton’s Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers first released
1971 – Roberta Gregory attend CSU Long Beach and contributes “Feminist Funnies” to their newspaper
1971 – S. Clay Wilson contributes to “Bent” (Print Mint)
1971 – Aline Kominsky-Crumb grates with degree in fine art from University of Arizona
1971 – “Ms Magazine” founded by Gloria Steinem and art directed by Bea Feitler
1971 – Bill Griffith’s “Zippy the Pinhead” debuts in Real Pulp Comics #1 by Print Mint
1971 – Dan O’Neil and the Air Pirates (Bobby London, Shary Flenniken, Gary Hallgren, and Ted Richards) create “Air Pirate Funnies” published by Last Gasp
1971 – Lee Marr’s “Pudge” & “Girl Blimp” published
1971 – Roberta Gregory sells her first comic to “Wimmen’s Comix”
1971 – Disney filed suit in Northern District of California against the comic artists from the “Air Pirate Funnies”
1971 – Rip Off Press moves from Mowry’s Opera House to 17th Street
1971 – After moving back to NYC, Art Spiegelman once again returns to San Francisco, CA
1972 – “The Adventures of Harold Hedd” released in first collected volume, the second volume out the following year
1972 – “Tits ‘n’ Clits” All women comix anthology by Joyce Farmer and Lyn Chevely published first issue (Nanny Goat Productions)
1972 – Aline Kominsky-Crumb has comix debut in “Wimmen’s Comix” #1 with “Goldie a Neurotic Woman”
1972 – Robert Crumb and Aline Kominsky-Crumb meet at a San Francisco party
1972 – “Fritz the Cat” movie directed by Ralph Bakshi released
1972 – 2 all women’s comix anthologies started “Wimmen’s Comix” (Trina Robbins, Last Gasp) and “Tit’s & Clits” (Joyce Farmer and Lyn Chevelyl, Nanny Goat Productions)
1972 – Disney granted it’s injunction against Dan O’Neil and the other comic artists from “Air Pirate Funnies”; found guilty of copyright infringement and trade disparagement
1972 – “Bizzare Sex” started published by Denis Kitchen of Kitchen Sink Press
1972 – Print Mint hits 1 million issues of “Zap Comix” sold
1973 – Rand Holmes travels to San Francisco, CA to get the second volume of “The Adventures of Harold Hedd” published by Last Gasp
1973 – Bill Griffith’s “A Sour Look at the Comix Scene, or Out of the Inkwell and Into the Toilet” runs in The San Francisco Phoenix
1973 – Undercover cop buys first issue of “Tits ‘n’ Clits” at San Francisco Bookstore Fahrenheit 451; owners charged with selling pornography and Farmer and Cheverly are forced to hide from law enforcement for 2 years
1973 – Aline Kominsky-Crumb moves onto Robert Crumb’s farm property as his girlfriend
1973 – “Come Out Comix” by Mary Wings self-published
1973 – Year of the Crash of Comix
1973 – Rick Griffin is a born again Christian
1973 – Gilbert Shelton’s The Fabulous Furry Freak Brother’s comics had sold 400,000 copies; eventually selling 45 million copies to date in 16 different languages
1972 – Haavery Pekar’s first story “Brilliant American Maniacs Series No. 1 Crazy Ed” published in “People’s Comics” with art by Robert Crumb
1972 – Justin Green publishes “Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary”
1972 – Art Spiegelman publishes first 3 pages of Maus
1973 –Supreme Court’s Miller v. California decision rules that vendors can be jailed and retroactively fined for selling obscene materials, cannot plead ignorance to contents
1974 – Jay Lynch has a one week tenure as editor at Hustler Magazine
1974 – Lynda Barry attends Evergreen State College in Olympia, WA
1974 – Art Spiegelman self publishes “Ace Hole” and “Midget Detective”
1974 – Marvel releases “Comix Book”
1974 – S. Clay Wilson contributes to “Pork” (Co-Op Press)
1974 – “The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat” directed by Ralph Bakshi released
1975 – The Schenkers working partnership with Bob and Peggy Rita dissolves and Print Mint slows down production and distribution
1975 – “Felch Comics” by Keith Green
1975 – Vietnam War ends, American troops withdraw from Saigon
1975 – Victor Moscoso starts attending Yale
1975 – Bill Griffith and Art Spiegelman create “Arcade” comix anthology
1975 – Vaughn Bodé dies at age 33
1976 – Harvey Pekar self publishes “How I Quit Collecting Records and Put Out a Comic Book with the Money I Saved” with art by Robert Crumb
1976 – “Wet Satin” erotic satirical all-women’s comics anthology published by Kitchen Sink Press
1976 – Aline Kominsky-Crumb moves off of the Crumb farm commune
1976 – Mary Wing’s “Dyke Shorts” is self-published
1976 – Roberta Gregory creates “Dynamite Damsels” (Self-published)
1976 – Copyright Act becomes law
1976 – Lee Marrs “The Further Fattening Adventures of Pudge, Girl Blimp” featured the first openly bisexual character in comics
1967 – Larry Fuller creates “Gay Heartthrobs”
1976 – Harvey Pekar’s “American Splendor #1” published
1976 – Aline Kominsky-Crumb and Diane Noomin start “Twisted Sisters”
1976-1077 – Punk scene emerges
1971 – Howard Cruse’s “Barefootz” first published
1977 – Kitchen Sink Press reprints Joel Becks comics under title “Joel Beck’s Comics & Stories”
1977 – Gary Panter moves to Los Angeles, CA
1977 – S. Clay Wilson releases comix with his most popular character “The Checkered Demon” (Last Gasp)
1977 – Gilbert Shelton’s character Fat Freddy’s cat from “The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers” gets its own spin off comic
1977 – Robert Crumb divorces Dana
1978 – Gilbert Shelton moves to San Francisco, CA from Austin, TX
1978 – First graphic novel “A Contract With God” by Will Eisner is published by Baronet Press
1978 – Dan O’Neils appeal in the case of Dismney and the Air Pirates does not rule in O’Neil’s favor
1978 – Gilbert Shelton makes “Shakedown Street” album cover for The Grateful Dead
1978 – Paul Mavrides starts to collaborate on “The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers”
1979 – Gilbert Shelton and wife/agent Lora move to Europe
1979 – The Supreme Court declines to take Dan O’Neil’s appeal case against Disney
1979 – Robert William publishes “The Lowbrow Art of Robt. Williams”
1979 – Mary Wings creates drug awareness book “Are Your Highs Getting You Down?” with a California Arts Council Grant
1979 – Denis Kitchen approaches Howaard Cruse about making “Gay Comix”
1979 – Rip Off Press ends
1979 – Art Spiegelman starts to teach at the School of Visual Arts in NY
1980 – First issue of “Gay Comix” (Kitchen SInk Press) released, edited by Howard Cruse
1980 – “Raw” comics anthology created by Art Spiegelman and Francoise Mouly
1980-1991 – Maus: A Survivor’s Tale by Art Spiegelman serialized
1981 – “Wimmen’s Comix” takes a 6 year hiatus
1981 – Daniel Clowes and his friends create “Psycho Comics”
1981 – Robert Crumb starts comix magazine “Weirdo” published by Last Gasp
1981 – Robert Crumb and Aline Kominsky-Crumb’s daughter Sophie is born; they move to Southern France
1982 – Last issue of “Bizzare Sex” released
1982 – Gilbert and Jamie Hernandez create “Love and Rockets” published by Fantagraphics
1983 – “Dykes to Watch Out For” by Alison Bechdel first published
1984 – Mary Fleener self publishes her first comic “Hoodoo”
1984 – Robert Crumb passes editorship of “Weirdo” to Peter Bagge
1985 – Print Mint, since renamed Reprint Mint, is sold by the Schenkers
1985 – Mary Wings “She Came Too Late” lesbian detective novel published
1985 – Topps Bubbglegum starts Garbage Pail Kids cards
1986 – Doubleday publishes the first of it’s two collected volumes of Harvye Pekar’s “American Splendor” with the next coming out the following year
1986 – Jack “Jaxon” Jackson publishes “Illustrated History of Ranching in Texas”
1986 – Peter Bagge resigns as editor at “Weirdo”; Aline Kominsky-Crumb takes over
1987 – Robert Crumb and Aline Kominsky-Crumb marry
1988 – “Dirty Plotte” by Julie Doucet was first self-published
1988 – Roberta Gregory self publishes “Winging It” and “Sheila and the Unicorn”
1989 – Jack “Jaxon” Jackon publishes “Rip Off Pres: The Golden Era #21”
1989 – Daniel Clowes first issue of “Eightball”
1989 – Roberta Gregory moves to Seattle and begins to work at Fantagraphics Books
1990 – Art Spiegelman receives a Guggenheim Fellowship to work on Maus’ second volume
1990 – Peter Bagge first publishes “Hate” (Fantagraaphics)
1991 – American Splendor’s once a year regular release stops with issue fifteen
1991 – Rick Griffin dies after motorcycle accident
1991 – Roberta Gregory’s “Naughty Bits” issue one self published
1991 – “Dirty Plotte” published by Drawn & Quarterly
1991 – Julie Doucet moves to NYC for one year and makes “My New York Diary”
1992 – Maus: A Survivor’s Tale by Art Spiegelman wins a Pulitzer Prize
1992 – “Wimmen’s Comix” publishes it’s last issue
1993 – Don Schenkers dies
1994 – Robert Williams first published “Juxtapoz Arts & Culture” Magazine
1995 – “Stuck Rubber Baby” by Howard Cruse published
1995 – “Black Hole” by Charles Burns first published by Fantagraphics
1995 – “Crumb” documentary about Robert Crumb by Terry Zwigoff is released
1996 – Mary Fleener’s “Life of the Party” released
1998 – Jack “Jaxon” Jackson creates “Lost Cause”
1999 – Joel Beck dies
2001-2003 – Roberta Gregory’s popular character Bitchy Bitch from “Naughty Bits” starred in the animated cartoon “Life’s a Bitch” on Comedy Network (Canada) and Oxygen Network (US)
2001 – Daniel Clowes “Eightball” story “Ghost World” is made into a movie of the same name
2002 – Rand Holmes dies
2002 – Phoebe Gloeckner’s “The Diary of a Teenage Girl” published by Frog Books
2003 – “American Splendor” the award winning movie about Harvey Pekar’s life starring Paul Giamatti is released
2005 – “Black Hole” by Charles Burns released as graphic novel by Fantagraphics
2006 –Jack “Jaxon” Jackson dies
2006 – “Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic” by Alison Bechdel published
2010 – Harvey Pekar dies
2015 – “Fun Home” the Broadway Musical wins a Tony for best musical
2015 – “The Diary of a Teenage Girl” by Phoebe Glockner made into a movie with the same name
2017 – Skip Williamson and Jay Lynch die within a week and a half of each other
2019 – Howard Cruse dies
2020 – Alice Schnker dies
2021 – Streaming channel Tubi releases 8 episode show “The Freak Brothers” based on Gilbert Shelton’s “The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers”
2021 – Spain Rodriguez dies
2021 – S. Clay Wilson dies
2022 – Aline Kominsky-Crumb dies

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