Do you see the world as it is or as you expect it to be?

In this interlude of The Observable Unknown, Dr. Juan Carlos Rey examines a central claim in modern cognitive science: belief doesn't follow perception. It organizes it. What appears to be direct experience is shaped in advance by priors, expectations, and learned patterns that determine what becomes visible, meaningful, or ignored.

Drawing on the predictive processing framework advanced by Andy Clark, a philosopher of mind at the University of Sussex, this episode explores how the brain functions as a prediction engine rather than a passive receiver of sensory data. Perception emerges from an ongoing negotiation between incoming signals and pre-existing expectations, which means what’s seen has already been structured before conscious awareness. Within this model, priors act as the underlying conditions of perception, and what’s often called cognitive bias begins to appear less as error and more as a stabilizing force.

The discussion deepens through the work of Lisa Feldman Barrett at Northeastern University, whose theory of constructed emotion demonstrates that feelings are not automatic reactions to the world. They’re predictions generated by the brain based on prior experience, cultural context, and internal models. Emotion becomes part of perception itself, shaping how reality is organized before it’s consciously recognized.

This interlude also integrates Dr. Rey’s work on textual preservation and interpretation, particularly in The Argonautica Vault: Apollonius' Hidden Library and Twin Vaults of the World. Just as ancient texts require interpretive frameworks shaped by the reader, perception operates within constraints imposed by belief systems. What’s encountered is never fully independent of what’s brought to the encounter.

A historical anecdote from the 1770 journal of Sir Joseph Banks, famed botanist aboard the HMS Endeavour, provides a striking illustration. When the ship approached the coast of Australia, Banks noted that the people on shore didn’t respond with the surprise or concern that European observers might have expected. The moment invites a more careful reading. When expectations are absent, even large-scale phenomena may fail to register in ways that feel meaningful or urgent.

Taken together, these perspectives challenge the assumption that perception is neutral or objective. Reality isn’t simply observed. It’s filtered through priors, shaped by emotional prediction, and stabilized by belief systems that determine what counts as evidence in the first place.

The Observable Unknown continues its exploration at the intersection of neuroscience, philosophy, and human perception, asking not only what’s seen, but how belief determines what becomes visible at all.

The Observable Unknown is a podcast exploring consciousness at the intersection of neuroscience, culture, and lived experience. It is written and hosted by Dr. Juan Carlos Rey of drjuancarlosrey.com and crowscupboard.com, an interdisciplinary scholar whose work bridges neuroscience, philosophy, and the interior dimensions of human experience. https://squareup.com/outreach/nyD7vi/subscribe