There are increasing indications of strategic frustration within the Iranian leadership regarding the trajectory of negotiations with the United States. Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has intensified his rhetorical posture against President Donald J. Trump, now openly articulating a policy objective of terminating U.S. presence and influence in the Middle East. Parallel signals are evident in the discourse of Foreign Minister Dr. Abbas Araghchi, who, for the first time, publicly rebuked U.S. Special Envoy for Middle East Affairs, Mr. Steven Witkoff. Mr. Witkoff, whose messaging has lacked consistency, most recently articulated a maximalist position, declaring that Washington would not permit even minimal uranium enrichment within Iranian territory. These developments reflect a sharpening of negotiating positions and an escalation in rhetorical signaling. This polarization is likely a pre-negotiation tactic, as both parties maneuver to consolidate leverage ahead of the forthcoming round of diplomatic engagement.

As Iran prepares for the fifth round of nuclear talks with the United States, the regime in Tehran underscores a strategy combining deterrence and diplomacy. Foreign Minister Dr. Abbas Araghchi’s latest remarks affirm Iran’s readiness for transparency in exchange for sanctions relief, while rejecting any compromise on sovereign rights, such as enrichment of uranium on Iranian soil. Dr. Araghchi also appears to be reaching out to U.S. businesses, in an attempt to mobilize support in the U.S. for continued negotiations and a potential agreement.

Much like President Donald J. Trump’s dual-track rhetoric toward Iran—alternating between coercive threats and inducements such as the prospect of sanctions relief—the Islamic Republic has likewise adopted a strategy of strategic ambiguity. Tehran is concurrently projecting a willingness to engage in diplomacy over its nuclear program, while simultaneously issuing deterrent threats to disrupt maritime oil shipments in the Persian Gulf in the event of U.S. military escalation.

In response to President Donald J. Trump’s conciliatory overtures, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei invokes the historical precedent of Imam Hassan’s treaty with Muawiya (subject of one of Khamenei's books), signaling a potential strategic recalibration. Concurrently, media outlets affiliated with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) launch a coordinated campaign against a televised political satire that ridicules the Saudi Foreign Minister. Meanwhile, Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi, while for the first time acknowledging “fundamental divergences at the level of overarching principles” between the United States and Iran, expresses cautious optimism regarding the prospects for diplomatic engagement.

Assessing the initial and subsequent rounds of bilateral negotiations with the United States, Iranian officials have expressed surprise at the rapid pace of diplomatic engagement. This acceleration is primarily ascribed to the limited scope of U.S. demands, the relative inexperience or subject-matter unfamiliarity of American negotiators, a pronounced strategic urgency to secure an agreement, and the personalized and unconventional diplomatic style characteristic of President Donald J. Trump. Nonetheless, the trajectory toward a comprehensive accord remains encumbered by persistent structural and political impediments.

Foreign Minister Dr. Abbas Araghchi has asserted that U.S. interlocutors have refrained from introducing extraneous, non-nuclear issues during the most recent round of negotiations. He confirmed that technical-level discussions would resume in Muscat on Wednesday, April 23, and that he would reconvene with U.S. Special Envoy Mr. Steven Witkoff on Saturday, April 26, to evaluate progress. This indicates Mr. Witkoff's April 15, post on X, stating: "Iran must stop and eliminate its nuclear enrichment" was not expressed as a U.S. demand in the course of the negotiations.

Receiving the Saudi Defense Minister in Tehran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei chose a condescending attitude in dealing with the younger brother of the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, but the fact that he received him undermines policy recommendation of Iranian strategist Dr. Mehdi Kharatian, who argues Iran can improve its negotiation position vis a vis the United States by attacking Saudi interest. In the meantime, Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi downplays the significance of the change in U.S. Middle East Envoy Steven Witkoff’s ever-changing positions as expressed on television and social media.

Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei states he is “neither excessively optimistic, nor excessively pessimistic” regarding Iran’s bilateral diplomatic engagement with the United States—an appropriate stance, given the latest recalibration in U.S. Special Envoy for the Middle East Steven Witkoff’s position on Iran’s uranium enrichment capacity. While Iranian media appear condemn the change in Witkoff’s position, Deputy Foreign Minister and member of the negotiation team Kazem Gharibabadi delivered a more careful assessment indicating Iran is more interested in what positions U.S. negotiators present at the negotiation table than what they post on social media.