Inagininkas Instrumental Case
Hi there, I’m Raminta and I’m Jack and welcome back to Lithuanian Out Loud where we offer the world the Lithuanian language.
According to the article, “June 14, 1940. Why the Russians should apologize.”
On the 14th of June 1940, massive deportations of Lithuanians were started by the Soviet Union. In one week 17,730 people were deported from Lithuania to Russian gulags.
The unfortunate Lithuanians selected for transport were intellectuals and academics, political activists, businessmen and successful farmers, medics, lawyers, military leaders, teachers, and religious leaders.
Families had one hour to collect 100 kilograms of belongings and were transported to any one of 57 train stations. Common cattle cars awaited them for the long trip to Siberia.
The Soviets had planned to deport as much as 50% of the Lithuanian population but the Nazi invasion stopped their plans. Many Lithuanians viewed the Germans as saviors because the German invasion stopped the Russians.
When the Soviets forced the Germans out of Lithuania the deportations resumed. In 1948 alone more than 40,000 Lithuanians were shipped east in cattle cars; 11,066 were children.
Between 1940 and 1953 Lithuania lost one third of its population and the only thing that stopped the mass deportations was the death of Stalin in 1953.
Today, Russia refuses to discuss the matter and ignores Lithuania’s requests for apologies and reparations. Lithuania is requesting, at a minimum, moral recognition of the issue.
We’ve already gone over these declensions:
the nominative
vardininkas
the genitive
kilmininkas
the accusative
galininkas
the locative
vietininkas
the vocative
šauksmininkas
We’ve only got two more declensions remaining and we’ll do one of those today;
įnagininkas – the instrumental case.
In this episode we’ll be throwing a lot of new stuff at you but don’t worry, we’ll give you plenty of examples so you can understand what’s being presented. First off, we’ll go over some concepts. Today’s program is only the first in a series covering the instrumental case.
We use the instrumental case in many different ways. One way is to describe how one is transported, for example; to the restaurant we go by car or Rimantas goes to work by motorcycle. The car is the instrument by which we go to the restaurant and the motorcycle is the instrument by which Rimantas goes to work.
When a noun is declined with įnagininkas or the instrumental case, the noun is the instrument of the sentence. The instrumental case can be viewed as describing “by means of,” “by way of” or “using.”
Let’s go over the different instrumental endings or suffixes using singular nouns. We’ll go over plural nouns in another episode.
First, here are the singular masculine noun endings or suffixes…
singular nouns that end in –as change to –u
singular nouns that end in –is change to –iu
singular nouns that end in –ys change to –iu
singular nouns that end in –us change to –umi
singular nouns that end in –uo can change to – eniu or –enimi
Now the feminine singular noun endings or suffixes…
singular nouns that end in –a change to –a
singular nouns that end in –ė change to –e
singular nouns that end in –is change to –imi
singular nouns that end in –uo, and there’s only one – sesuo, change to –eria
singular nouns that end in –ė, as in duktė, change to –eria or –erimi
before each group of examples we’ll go over some vocabulary
vocabulary žodynas
to travel
keliauti
to go or ride by means of transportation
važiuoti
an automobile
automobilis
a bus
autobusas
Valdemaras travels “by means of” a car Valdemaras keliauja automobiliu Simonas travels “by way of” a car Simonas keliauja automobiliu Diana travels “using” a car Diana keliauja automobiliu
Violeta goes “by means of” a bus Violeta važiuoja autobusu Valentina goes “by way of” a bus Valentina važiuoja autobusu Veronika goes “using” a bus Veronika važiuoja autobusu
The instrumental can also be used to describe movement “by way of,” “by means of,” or “using” a street, a path, a sidewalk, etcetera, or going through a park, a field, a valley, a tunnel, an alley, a river, a sea, a mountain pass, etcetera.
vocabulary žodynas
to go for a walk
pasivaikščioti
to go (on foot)
eiti
a path
takas
a sidewalk
šaligatvis
to swim
plaukti
a river
upė
Algis walks “by means of” the path
Algis eina taku
Giedrius walks “by way of” the path
Giedrius eina taku
Evaldas walks “using” the path
Evaldas eina taku
Justinas goes for a walk “by means of” the sidewalk
Justinas eina pasivaikščioti šaligatviu
Justas goes for a walk “by way of” the sidewalk
Justas eina pasivaikščioti šaligatviu
Neringa goes for a walk “using” the sidewalk
Neringa eina pasivaikščioti šaligatviu
a boat sails via the river
valtis plaukia upe
a ship sails using the river
laivas plaukia upe
a barge sails by means of the river
barža plaukia upe
Now let’s talk about professions. You can say, I am a doctor, or, aš esu gydytojas. I’m a policeman, aš esu policininkas. In these examples we are not using the instrumental case.
Using the instrumental case we would say, I work as a doctor – aš dirbu gydytoju. I work as a policeman – aš dirbu policininku. A profession is the instrument “by way of” or “by means of” a person makes a living. The key word in English here is the word, “as.” I work as a pilot. I work as a teacher.
vocabulary žodynas
a policeman, policewoman
policininkas, policininkė
a pilot
lakūnas, lakūnė
a doctor
gydytojas, gydytoja
a lawyer
teisininkas, teisininkė
a teacher
mokytojas, mokytoja
a commentator
komentatorius, komentatorė
here we’ll compare phrases using vardininkas with phrases using įnagininkas
vardininkas
I am a policeman
aš esu policininkas
įnagininkas I work “as” a policeman
aš dirbu policininku
vardininkas I am a pilot
aš esu lakūnas
įnagininkas I work as a pilot
aš dirbu lakūnu
vardininkas I am a doctor
aš esu gydytojas
įnagininkas I work as a doctor
aš dirbu gydytoju
vardininkas I am a lawyer
aš esu teisininkas
įnagininkas I want to work “as” a lawyer
aš noriu dirbti teisininku
vardininkas I am a teacher
aš esu mokytojas
įnagininkas I want to work “as” a teacher
aš noriu dirbti mokytoju
vardininkas Justas is a television comentator
Justas yra televizijos komentatorius
įnagininkas Justas works as a television comentator
Justas dirba televizijos komentatoriumi
vardininkas Evaldas is a controller
Evaldas yra kontrolierius
įnagininkas Evaldas works as a controller
Evaldas dirba kontrolieriumi
Some prepositions require the instrumental case such as the word “with” or in Lithuanian – su.
first, here’s some vocabulary
with
su
bacon
šoninė
to travel
keliauti
to eat
valgyti
ice cream
ledai
beef
jautiena
knife
peilis
fork
šakutė
chocolate
šokoladas
ammonia
amoniakas
a shovel
kastuvas
pleasure
malonumas
to eat with a knife and fork
valgyti su peiliu ir šakute
beef with bacon
jautiena su šonine
ice cream with chocolate
ledai su šokoladu
a liquid mixed with ammonia
skystis, sumaišytas su amoniaku
Antanas works with a shovel
Antanas dirba su kastuvu
I can live with Rimantas
galiu gyventi su Rimantu
Diana can travel with Justinas
Diana gali keliauti su Justinu
he works with pleasure
jis dirba su malonumu
Alright, that does it for our introduction to using the instrumental. On the next episode we’ll continue part II of exploring the instrumental case. We’ll see you in 2010. Happy New Year!
June 14, 1940. Why the Russians should apologize http://irzikevicius.wordpress.com/2008/06/15/june-14-1940-why-the-russians-should-apologies/
