I’m suddenly or persistently short of breath — what now? Richard Fiero, MD, Pulmonologist and Sleep Specialist at University of Maryland Capital Region Health, explains what dyspnea can mean and how clinicians approach it. He defines different ways people experience breathlessness, reviews possible causes discussed on the show (anxiety, asthma flare, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, heart problems, even a collapsed lung), and outlines the typical workup: history and lung exam, chest X‑ray or chest CT, pulmonary function testing, and sometimes cardiac evaluation like an echocardiogram. Dr. Fiero also talks about the overlap between anxiety and physical disease, when relaxation may help temporarily, and practical guidance on deciding between calling 911, going to the ER, or seeing your primary care doctor or a pulmonologist. Above all, he emphasizes taking symptoms seriously and not hesitating to seek care.