Odie的英语课

动词的过去分词

规则动词的过去分词和过去式一样（第883-884课讲过）

不规则动词的过去分词

有些不规则动词的过去分词和过去式、和原形一样，如：

put - put - put（发音没有变化）

cut - cut - cut（发音没有变化）

read /ri:d/ - read /red/ - read /red/（发音有变化）

有些不规则动词的过去式和过去分词一样，和原形不一样，如：

bring - brought - brought

feel - felt - felt

have - had - had

有些不规则动词原形是-d结尾，过去式和过去分词变成-t结尾，如：

build - built - built

spend - spent - spent

send - sent - sent

有些不规则动词有两种过去式/过去分词，如：

learn - learnt/learned - learnt/learned

dream - dreamt/dreamed - dreamt/dreamed

有些不规则动词的过去分词和过去式是不一样的，如：

过去分词以-en结尾，如：write - wrote - written，break - broke - broken

in-an-un模式，如：drink - drank - drunk，sing - sang - sung

有些不规则动词由其他动词构成，它们的变化是相同的，如：

give - gave - given

forgive - forgave - forgiven 原谅

come - came - come 

become - became - become

stand - stood - stood

understand - understood - understood 

上节课讲，现在完成时（the present perfect tense），表示过去某个时间做的事情、动作，但它和现在是有联系的，它的影响和作用持续到现在。

当我们谈到经历/经验（experiences）的时候，使用现在完成时。如果我们说到更具体的信息和细节，就会使用一般过去时。

A: Have you ever visited France? 
B: Yes, I have.
A: 你去过法国吗？
B: 是的，我去过。
（现在完成时，用于谈论经验。）

A: When did you go? 
B: I went two years ago.
A: 你什么时候去的？
B: 我两年前去的。
（一般过去时，因为谈论的是过去的具体细节）

—>
I have been to France. / I have visited France. 我去过法国。
I went to France two years ago. 我两年前去过法国。

当说到经历/经验（experiences）时，常使用 ever（在以往任何时候，曾经），比如：
Have you ever ridden a horse?
你骑过马吗？
骑马 ride a horse（ride 的过去分词是 ridden）

也可以使用 never（从没，从未），比如：
I've never been to France.
我从没去过法国。

现在完成时 the present perfect tense 

perfect 完成时的

I went to London in 2020.

I have been to London.

第一句是一般过去时（the past simple tense），在过去的某个时间点，已经完成某个事情、某个动作。一般过去时通常会有时间词，如 in 2020 或 last year 等等。

I went to London in 2020. 我2020年去了伦敦。

这句话的重点是，这件事发生在2020年，过去的这个时间点。

第二句是现在完成时（the present perfect），过去某个时间做的事情、动作，但它和现在是有联系的，它的影响、它的作用持续到现在。

I have been to London. 我去过伦敦。

这句话的重点是，去过伦敦这是我的一个经历，我曾经做过这个事，到现在还记得去伦敦的经历。它是什么时候发生的并不是重点。

现在完成时的形式

have/has + 动词的过去分词

肯定形式

I have worked. (I've worked.) 我工作过。

You have worked (You've worked.)

He / She / It has worked. (He's / She's / It's worked.)

We have worked. (We've worked.)

They have worked. (They've worked.)

否定形式

I have not worked. (I haven't worked.) 我没有工作过。

You have not worked. (You haven't worked.)

He / She / It has not worked. (He / She / It hasn't worked.)

We have not worked. (We haven't worked.)

They have not worked. (They haven't worked.)

疑问形式

Have I worked? 我工作过的吗？

Have you worked?

Has he / she / it worked?

Have we worked?

Have they worked?

简短回答

Yes I have. / No I haven't.

Yes you have. / No you haven't.

Yes he/she/it has. / No he/she/it hasn't.

Yes we have. / No we haven't.

Yes they have. / No they haven't.

(be) going to
也可以用来预测将要发生的事，和 will / might 的区别是：

(be) going to 用于

我们可以看到证据或迹象 we can see evidence 
evidence 证据，证明（不可数）

我觉得（可能）会下雨。可能就是感觉，没有实质证据，可以说：
I think it will rain. 
I think it might rain.
如果我看到有乌云（I can see black clouds.），乌云是evidence（证据），那使用 (be) going to 就更准确（表达推测）：
I think it's going to rain. 
我想要下雨了。

I think we are going to have a storm. 
我想会有一场暴风雨。
storm 暴风雨
说这句话的时候可能 The temperature is hot, there's no wind, and I can see black clouds.（气温很高，没有风，我看到有乌云。）

(Be) going to 的否定表达，可以说
I don't think…

It isn't going to…

I don't think it's going to rain.
我觉得不会下雨。

It isn't going to get hotter next week.
下周天气不会更热了。

will 会…，要… 
might 可能…，也许… 

It will rain later.
过会儿会下雨。
It might rain later.
过会儿可能会下雨。

当我们确信某事会发生时，用 will。
当事情不太确定时，用 might。

It might rain later. Take an umbrella with you. 
过会儿可能会下雨，带上雨伞。（有一半可能性）

It will be sunny later. 
过会儿会出太阳。（非常有可能）
sunny 阳光明媚的，阳光充足的

否定形式
It won't…

It won't snow until December.
要到十二月才会下雪。

It might not…
It might not be sunny at the beach.
海滩上可能没有阳光。

还有一种方式可以用来表达 future intentions 将来的打算——

will（第893~895课讲过）

① Will 用于表示比较确定的事情或计划中的事情：
I'll be back later tonight.
我今晚比较晚回来。
We won't have enough money to buy a new house this year.
今年我们没有足够的钱买新个房子。

② Will 用于预测将来发生的事情：
I'm sure he'll be a successful lawyer one day.
我相信有一天他会成为一名成功的律师。
I think he'll get a promotion next month.
我想他下个月会升职。
promotion 升职，晋升

③ Will 用于表示即刻的决定（不是事先计划的决定）
[餐厅点餐]
I think I'll have the chicken.
我要鸡肉。

[当看到有人拿着很重的包时] 

I'll help you with your bags. 
我帮你拿行李。
X 这种情况不说 I'm going to help you with your bags 或 I'm helping you with your bags，因为不是事先计划好的。

请大家用以下五个各造一个句子，表示将来的打算。
be going to
现在进行时
be thinking of
be planning to 
will

think 动词，思考，考虑

plan 动词，计划，打算

我们可以用

be thinking of + 动名词（动词ing）

be planning to + 动词原形

来讲没有完全确定的活动、计划。

I'm thinking of taking up running.

我在考虑开始跑步。

take up 开始（活动或工作）

We're thinking of getting a dog.

我们正在考虑养只狗。

I'm planning to study abroad next year.

我计划明年出国留学。

study abroad 出国留学（abroad 在国外，到国外）

The four biggest banks are all planning to cut their service charges.

四大银行都计划降低服务费。

service charge(s) 服务费（charge 名词，收费，费用，价格）

cut 动词，减少，降低，缩短，削减

前面第936课学过可以用现在进行时（present continuous tense）表示已经计划的事情、活动安排。而且，现在进行时的句子里常有时间词（如，明天，今天下午等）。

我们在记录将来的打算时（如，记日记时），常常会用现在进行时。
Be going to 和现在进行时非常像，日常用哪个都可以。

I'm visiting our new office in London this afternoon. 
I'm gong to visit our new office in London this afternoon.
今天下午我要参观我们在伦敦的新办公室。

You're meeting the boss tomorrow. 
You're going to meet the boss tomorrow.
你明天要（去）见老板。

He is working from home next week. 
He is going to work from home next week.
他下周居家办公。
work from home 在家工作，居家办公

We're taking the train to Scotland. 
We're going to take the train to Scotland.
我们要坐火车去苏格兰。
Scotland 苏格兰

They're leaving later today. 
They're going to leave later today.
他们打算今天晚点儿离开。
leave later 更晚一些走/离开（later 比较级，更晚地，更迟地）

Be going to 的疑问句
把 be 换到主语的前面
Am I going to…?
Are you going to…?
Is he / she going to…?
Are we going to…?
Are they going to…?

I'm going to play tennis tomorrow. 
—> Am I going to play tennis tomorrow?
You're going to see your cousin next week.
—> Are you going to see your cousin next week?
He / She is going to get married in September.
—> Is he / she going to get married in September?
We're going to have a party this weekend.
—> Are we going to have a party this weekend?
They are going to save up for a new car.
—> Are they going to save up for a new car?

简短回答
Yes I am. / No I'm not.
Yes you are. / No you aren't (或 No you're not.)
Yes he/she is. / No he/she isn't.
Yes we are. / No we aren't. (或 No we're not.)
Yes they are. / No they aren't. (或 No they're not.)

否定形式
I am not going to leave my job.
我不打算辞职。
leave my job 辞职
You aren't going to visit your cousin this week.
这个星期你不打算去看表姐/哥/弟/妹。
He / She isn't going to get married.
他/她不打算结婚。
We aren't going to move house.
我们不打算搬家。
They aren't going to study at university.
他们不打算在大学学习。

我们学几种方式来表达 future intentions（将来的打算）/ future plans（将来的计划）
future 将来，未来，今后
intention(s) 意图，打算

be going to + 动词原形

I am going to play tennis tomorrow.
I'm going to play tennis tomorrow.
我打算明天打网球。
You are going to see your cousin next week.
You're going to see your cousin next week.
你打算下周去看表姐/哥/弟/妹。
He / She is going to get married in September.
He's / She's going to get married in September.
他/她打算在9月结婚。
We are going to have a party this weekend.
We're going to have a party this weekend.
我们打算这周末办个聚会。
They are going to save up for a new car.
They're going to save up for a new car.
他们打算攒钱买一辆新车。
这句也可以说 They're going to save up to buy a new car.