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这节课学一下“差不多和…一样…”,“几乎像…一样…”怎么说。
现在她和她哥哥一样高。
She's as tall as her brother now.
almost as...as...
almost 几乎,差不多,差一点,将近
现在她几乎和她哥哥一样高。—>
She's almost as tall as her brother now.
nearly as...as...
nearly 和 almost 是同义词
nearly 几乎,差不多,将近
现在她几乎和她哥哥一样高。也可以说
She's nearly as tall as her brother now.
她几乎和你一样好。—>
She's almost as good as you.
She's nearly as good as you.
她和你一样好。
She's as good as you.
[拓展]
not nearly as...as...
远没有,差得多
She's not nearly as tall as her brother.
她远没有她哥哥高。
She's not nearly as good as you.
她远没有你好。
a lot,much,far,a little,slightly + 比较级(more/less) than
① She's a little taller than his brother.
② This car is far better than our old one.
③ I'm much lazier than you!
④ She's a lot more intelligent than him.
⑤ She's slightly less interested in football than Mike.
① She's a little taller than his brother.
她比她弟弟稍微高一点儿。
② This car is far better than our old one.
这辆车比咱们那辆旧的好多了。
③ I'm much lazier than you!
我比你懒多了!
lazy 懒的,懒惰的
④ She's a lot more intelligent than him.
她比他聪明得多。
intelligent 聪明的,聪颖的,有才智的,理解力强的
⑤ She's slightly less interested in football than Mike.
她对足球的兴趣比迈克少点儿。
be interested in 对……有兴趣(interested 感兴趣的,关注的)
在作比较时,为了更加准确,中文我们会说“得多”“一点儿”,英文就在形容词比较级 more/less than 前面加上:
a lot,much,far 得多,远远
a little,slightly 一点儿,稍微,略微
迈克比他姐姐高。
Mike's taller than his sister.
迈克比他姐姐高多了。—>
Mike's a lot taller than his sister.
Mike's much taller than his sister.
Mike's far taller than his sister.
迈克比他姐姐高一点儿。—>
Mike's a litte taller than his sister.
Mike's slightly taller than his sister.
换一个多音节形容词:interesting,比较级是 more/less interesting
这个节目比那个节目更有意思。
This programme is more interesting than that one.
这个节目比那个节目有意思多了。—>
This programme is a lot more interesting than that one.
This programme is much more interesting than that one.
This programme is far more interesting than that one.
这个节目比那个节目稍微更有意思一点儿。—>
This programme is a little more interesting than that one.
This programme is slightly more interesting than that one.
这个节目没有那个节目有意思。
This programme is less interesting than that one.
这个节目远远没有那个节目有意思。—>
This programme is a lot less interesting than that one.
This programme is much less interesting than that one.
This programme is far less interesting than that one.
这个节目比那个节目略微没意思一点儿。—>
This programme is a little less interesting than that one.
This programme is slightly less interesting than that one.
⑤ 做比较时,使用 than 比……
⑥ 当想说两者很相似时,使用 as...as... 像……一样,和……一样
⑦ 当想说一个没有/不如另一个XXX时,可以用 less than 或 not as...as...
I can't run as fast as you.
我跑得没你快。
我们来说一句话:
这个节目没有我想的那么有意思。
(电视、广播)节目 programme[英] program[美]
有意思的,有趣的 interesting
没有意思 —> not interesting
没有(像)……那么有意思 —> not as interesting as...
我(现在)想 I think [现在时]
我(之前)想 I thought [过去时](think 的过去式是 thought)
像我之前想的那样 —> as I thought
没有我(之前)想的那么有意思 —> not as interesting as I thought
加上主语 —> This programme is not as interesting as I thought.
[用 less than]
没那么有意思 —> less interesting
This programme is less interesting than I thought.
This programme is not as interesting as I thought.
This programme is less interesting than I thought.
Make comparisons
作对比,作比较
comparison 名词,对比,比较,对照
compare 动词,对比,比较,对照
第629-637课学过比较级与最高级
形容词变比较级
① 单音节加-er,如:small - smaller,big - bigger,nice - nicer
② -y结尾的双音节,把-y变-ier,如:lucky - luckier,happy - happier
③ 双音节*及更多音节,形容词前面用 more 更……,如:beautiful - more beautiful
* 有的双音节,尤其是重音在前面的双音节,比较级也是可以在后面加-er的,如:clever - cleverer,quiet - quieter
④ 不规则变化的形容词,如:good - better,bad - worse,far - farther/further
⑤ 做比较时,使用 than 比……
She's younger than me. 她比我年轻。
You always walk faster than I do! 你总是走得比我快!
⑥ 当想说两者很相似时,使用 as...as... 像……一样,和……一样
She's as tall as her brother. 她和她哥哥一样高。
It's as nice today as it was yesterday. 今天天气像昨天(的天气)一样好。
柯林斯词典(Collins dictionary)选出的年度词汇是
permacrisis
长期危机
由 permanent + crisis 组成
permanent 长期的,长久的,永久的,固定的
<—> temporary 暂时的,临时的,短暂的
复习一下前面学过的语法,<第934课>正在进行时
正在进行时用于暂时的情况:
Oscar is working at the supermarket this summer.
奥斯卡今年夏天在超市工作。
(这个工作可能是临时的。It is a temporary job.)
一般现在时用于长期的、永久的情况:
Oscar works at the supermarket.
奥斯卡在超市工作。
(这个工作可能是长期的、固定的。It is a permanent job.)
a temporary job 一个临时的工作
a permanent job 一个长期的工作,固定的工作
crisis /sis/ 危机,极其艰难的时期,紧要关头,(疾病的)危险期
复数 crises /si:z/
柯林斯词典对 permacrisis 的定义是
“长期的不稳定与不安全”。
牛津2022年度热词
Oxford Word of the Year 2022
Goblin mode
哥布林模式
mode 模式,方式
Goblin 哥布林
Goblin 是一种在欧洲各国民间传说中的妖怪,最早始于中世纪。在不同的国家、不同的故事里,Goblin的能力、脾气、外貌截然不同,但基本都是身材矮小,很古怪,爱调皮捣蛋,邪恶,贪婪。通常还拥有像仙女或魔鬼一样的魔法能力。
我们现在看到的Goblin妖怪形象尖耳朵的,哈利波特里也有Goblin,尖耳朵的侏儒,是银行家或工匠。
Goblin mode 哥布林模式
指的是一种自我放纵、懒惰、邋遢不修边幅、贪婪的行为,通常是违背社会规范或者社会期望的行为。
类似我们现在常说的“摆烂”“躺平”,但不完全一样。
Goblin mode 最早2009年出现在社交媒体Twitter(推特)上,到了2022年2月,一条关于明星分手的八卦推文用了Goblin mode,让这个词迅速走红,还上了很多报纸和杂志。(后来证实那条八卦新闻是 fake news 假新闻)
今年春天很多国家逐步放松了疫情限制,人们更多地走出家门,经过很长时间居家、少社交的生活,很多人产生了一种拒绝回到过去那种“正常生活(normal life)”的情绪,还有对社交媒体上展现的又精致又完美,其实是很难达到的审美标准和生活方式的反抗情绪。
Goblin mode 一词正好抓住了人们的这些情绪。
在社交媒体上(国外有Instagram、TikTok,国内有微博、朋友圈等)很多人展示出一种理想化、精心装扮的自己,经过这一段比较艰难的时间,人们在用新的方式来看待“社会规范(social norms)”。
norm(s) 名词,规范,准则
normal 形容词,规范的,正常的,通常的,正规的
in goblin mode
to go goblin mode
The Times《泰晤士报》的一篇评论文章说:
“too many of us… have gone ‘goblin mode’ in response to a difficult year.”
“我们中有太多人……为了应对艰难的一年,进入了哥布林模式。”
in response to... 面对…,应对…
在公布今年牛津年度词汇的活动上,美国语言学家本·齐默(Ben Zimmer)说:
(Goblin mode) it is certainly a 2022 expression.
(哥布林模式)毫无疑问是2022年的表达方式。
certainly 毫无疑问,确实,肯定
expression 表达方式
Word of the Year(年度词汇)会反应过去一年里人们的情绪、关注焦点,而且和以往不同的是,今年牛津的年度词汇是第一次让大家投票选出来的(以往是根据数据选出来的)。
3个候选词:哥布林模式 Goblin mode、元宇宙 metaverse、#我支持 #IStandWith(#读作hashtag)
最后介绍一个很火的APP,叫 BeReal(real 形容词,真实的,真正的)。BeReal没有滤镜,每天一次随机打开前后摄像头,两分钟之内拍照并发布,没时间美颜或P图(修图),展现真实的我们和我们的环境。而且BeReal没有点赞功能。
剑桥词典(Cambridge dictionary)选出的年度热词是
homer
[非正式的美国英语](棒球)本垒打
= home run
剑桥词典这个英国词典的年度热词竟然是个非正式的美语单词,是怎么回事呢?
今年有个非常火爆的英语拼词游戏 Wordle(游戏开发者是位美国软件工程师,叫 Josh Wardle,游戏名字结合了他的姓 wardle 和“单词”word)
游戏规则是在六次机会之内,猜一个五个字母的单词。为防止沉迷,游戏每天推出一个单词让玩家猜。
Homer 是2022年5月5日的谜底,但对那些对棒球、对非正式美语不熟悉的玩家来说就非常令人沮丧了。大家上网搜索,剑桥词典网站单日 homer 一词的搜索量就超过了65,000次。
由于游戏的火爆,还出现了 Wordle effect(Wordle 效应,effect 名词,效果,效应,影响)
除了homer,还有像
humor 名词,幽默,滑稽。humor 是美语拼写,英国英语拼写是 humour。
tacit 形容词,不明说的,默认的
caulk 动词,填缝隙,名词,填缝隙的东西。caulk 是英国英语拼写,美语拼写是 calk。
短的单词并不总是容易的!Short words aren't always easy ones!
英国英语和美国英语的差异不光是对于英语学习者,对于英语母语者也是非常有趣的。在英语国家,填字游戏(word games)一直非常受欢迎,是学习和娱乐的很好结合。Wordle游戏让五个字母的短单词屡次登上剑桥词典网站的搜索榜单,还成为了年度热词。
英国英语和美国英语的差异
拼写(spelling)
humor[美] humour[英]
color[美] colour[英]
center[美] centre[英] 中心
词汇(vocabulary)
elevator[美] lift[英] 电梯(直梯)
candy[美] sweets[英] 糖,糖果
在语法上,美国英语和英国英语也有一些区别。
2022年年度词汇 Word of the Year 2022
韦氏词典(Merriam-Webster dictionary)选出的是
gaslighting
gas 煤气,天然气 + light 名词,灯;动词,点亮,照亮
gaslight/gas light 煤气灯
名词,煤气灯效应,情感操纵,精神控制
Gaslighting 这个词是来源于1938年的一部戏剧和1944年的改编电影 Gaslight《煤气灯下》,男主角通过各种谎言、欺骗的手段让他妻子认为她自己疯了,(男人)每天晚上让屋子里的 gas lights(煤气灯)变暗,他又坚持说煤气灯没有暗,让妻子自我怀疑,不相信自己的感知,觉得自己疯了。男人的目的是通过对妻子进行情感操控来获取巨额财富。
Gaslighting 在20世纪中叶刚开始使用时,指的是像电影中的欺骗行为。韦氏词典给 gaslighting 的定义是:对一个人的心理操纵,通常会持续很长时间,导致受害者质疑自己的想法、对现实的感知或记忆的可靠性,通常会导致困惑、信心和自尊心的丧失、情绪或精神的不稳定,以及对加害者的依赖。
最近几年,gaslighting 有了更为宽泛的定义:严重误导他人的行为或做法,尤其是为了自身利益。
在这个用法中,gaslighting 和当下社会的种种欺骗、操纵手段有了联系,如,假新闻(fake news),深度伪造(deepfake)等。
lie 动词,说谎,撒谎;名词,谎话,谎言 [个人之间]
fraud 名词,诈骗(罪)[涉及公司组织]
* gaslighting 既可以用于个人语境,也可以用于社会政治语境,既可以用于日常口语,也可以用正式以及书面写作。
deception 名词,欺骗,欺诈
manipulation 名词,操纵,控制(出于个人利益操纵某人某事,常指使用不公平或不诚信的方式)(control 控制)
mislead 动词,误导,使……产生错误的想法,把……引入歧途(词头mis-(用于动词,或由动词衍生出来的词前)错误地,不良地;lead 动词,引导,带领,领导)
2022年韦氏词典 gaslighting 的搜索量比2021年增长了1740%,因此被选为了2022年的年度热词。
不规则动词
原形 - 过去式 - 过去分词
be - was/were - been
beat - beat - beaten(美语beat) 打败,战胜
become - became - become 变成,成为,变得
begin - began - begun 开始
bend - bent - bent 弯曲,弯腰
bet - bet - bet 打赌,赌博
bite - bit - bitten 咬,咬伤,叮咬
bleed - bled - bled 流血,出血
blow - blew - blown 吹,吹动,被吹走
break - broke - broken 破碎,打破,弄坏
breed - bred - bred 饲养,(动物)交配繁殖
bring - brought - brought 拿来,带来
build - built - built 建造,修建,建立
burn - burnt/burned - burnt/burned 烧/烫/晒伤,着火,燃烧
buy - bought - bought 买,购买
catch - caught - caught 抓住,接住
choose - chose - chosen 选择,挑选
come - came - come 来,过来
cost - cost - cost 价格为,要花费
cut - cut - cut 切,割,砍,减少,缩短,降低
do - did - done 做
dig - dug - dug 挖,挖掘
draw - drew - drawn 画,绘画
dream - dreamt/dreamed - dreamt/dreamed 做梦,梦见
drink - drank - drunk 喝
drive - drove - driven 开(车),驾驶
eat - ate - eaten 吃
fall - fell - fallen 跌倒,跌落,降落
feed - fed - fed 喂养,给…提供食物
feel - felt - felt 感觉,觉得
fight - fought - fought 打架,搏斗,与…作斗争
find - found - found 发现,找到
fly - flew - flown 飞,飞行
forget - forgot - forgotten 忘记,遗忘
forgive - forgave - forgiven 原谅,宽恕
freeze - froze - frozen 结冰,冷冻保存(食物)
get - got - got 获得,得到
give - gave - given 给,送给,提供
go - went - gone 去,走
grow - grew - grown 增长,成长,长大
have - had - had 有,拥有
hear - heard - heard 听见,听到,听说
hide - hid - hidden 躲藏,把…藏起来,遮掩,遮盖
hit - hit - hit 击,打,碰撞
hold - held - held 握住,抓住,支撑,承受,容纳,包含
hurt - hurt - hurt 感到疼痛,弄伤,损害,伤害
keep - kept - kept 保有,保存,保留
know - knew - known 知道,认识,了解
lay - laid - laid 放置,安放,平放
lead - led - led 引领,领导
lean - leant/leaned - leant/leaned 倾斜,倚,靠
learn - learnt/learned - learnt/learned 学习,学会,记住
leave - left - left 离开,留下,剩下
lend - lent - lent 借出,借给
let - let - let 让,允许
lose - lost - lost 丢失,失去
make - made - made 做,制作,制造
mean - meant - meant 意思是,意味着
meet - met - met 会面,遇见
pay - paid - paid 支付,花钱
put - put - put 放,放置
quit - quit - quit 辞职,放弃,停止
read(/ri:d/) - read(/red/) - read(/red/) 阅读,看懂
ride - rode - ridden 骑(自行车、摩托车、马等),乘(车),坐(车)
ring - rang - rung 打电话,响起铃声
rise - rose - risen 上升,升高,升起,站起,起立
run - ran - run 跑步,奔跑
say - said - said 说,讲
see - saw - seen 看,看见,看出
sell - sold - sold 卖,出售
send - sent - sent 送,发送,寄
set - set - set 放,置,使…处于(指定的地方、位置)
shake - shook - shaken 摇动,抖动,颤抖
shine - shone/shined - shone/shined 照耀,发光,反光
shoot - shot - shot 开(枪),射(箭),(球类比赛)射门,投球
show - showed - shown 给…看,出示,显示
shrink - shrank - shrunk 缩小,变小
shut - shut - shut 关闭,停止营业
sing - sang - sung 唱歌
sink - sank - sunk 沉默,陷入
sit - sat - sat 坐,坐下,就坐
sleep - slept - slept 睡觉
speak - spoke - spoken 说,讲,说话
spend - spent - spent 花费,用
spill - spilt/spilled - spilt/spilled 洒出,溅出,涌出
spread - spread - spread 铺开,展开,蔓延,扩散
speed - sped/speeded - sped/speeded 加速,促进
stand - stood - stood 站起来,站立,竖放
steal - stole - stolen 偷,窃
stick - stuck - stuck 粘住,粘贴,固定住
sting - stung - stung (昆虫、植物或动物)叮,刺,蜇
stink - stank - stunk 散发异味,发出难闻的气味
swear - swore - sworn 发誓,宣誓,诅咒,咒骂
sweep - swept - swept 打扫,清扫,扫除
swim - swam - swum 游泳
swing - swung - swung 摆动,摇摆,摇晃
take - took - taken 拿,拿走
teach - taught - taught 教,教授
tear - tore - torn 撕开,撕掉,撕裂
tell - told - told 告诉,说
think - thought - thought 想,觉得,认为
throw - threw - thrown 投,抛,掷,扔
understand - understood - understood 明白,理解,懂得
wake - woke - woken 醒来
wear - wore - worn 穿(衣服),戴(首饰帽子手套等)
win - won - won 赢,赢得,获胜
write - wrote - written 写,写字,写信
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