OKAP Rapid Review

Electronic health records, digital standards, big data, teleophthalmology, and artificial intelligence, including machine learning and bias.

Principles, indications, and limitations of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ophthalmic ultrasonography.

Mechanisms, uses, and adverse effects of ophthalmic medications, including glaucoma drugs, anti-inflammatory agents, antimicrobials, anesthetics, and surgical adjuvants.

Principles of ocular pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug delivery, toxicity, and genetic influences on medication response.

Mechanisms of oxidative damage, ocular antioxidant defenses, and the role of oxidative stress in lens and retinal disease.

Structure and biochemical composition of the retinal pigment epithelium, with emphasis on vitamin A regeneration and its major physiologic functions.

Retinal metabolism, rod and cone phototransduction, the visual cycle, color vision, retinal cell function, and electrophysiology.

Vitreous composition and physiology, age-related liquefaction, posterior vitreous detachment, and changes associated with disease and vitrectomy.

Lens structure, biochemical composition, transparency, and metabolism, including mechanisms of sugar cataract formation.

Physiology of the iris and ciliary body, aqueous humor formation and composition, and the blood–aqueous barrier.