Conspiracy theories might be having a moment, but they’re as old as civilization itself. 

In 64 AD, for example, the Great Fire of Rome sparked competing theories over who started the fire and why. And just like many of today’s conspiracy theories, it resulted in suffering and innocent deaths — Emperor Nero accused Christians of lighting the fire, which led to many being crucified or burned alive.

Conspiracy theories often arise in times of social crisis. When humans are feeling afraid, like the world is out of control, we turn to simple explanations that help us make sense of things. So it’s no surprise that such theories are on the rise in this moment of turmoil and political chaos.

It doesn’t help that many members of the Trump Administration are actively encouraging disinformation. Robert F. Kennedy Jr., in particular, has embraced lies about vaccines, chem-trails, and AIDS (just to name a few). In 2019, he traveled to the island of Samoa to sew distrust of vaccines… and shortly after, a measles outbreak killed nearly 100 people. Now, only 6 years later, he’s the US Secretary of Health and Human Services.

If someone you know is in the grip of a conspiracy theory, whether it’s as high-stakes as vaccinations or as random as believing the Earth is flat, it’s tempting to think we can argue them out of it. But unfortunately, fact-checking isn’t an effective way to refute disinformation. Arguing makes people double down on their beliefs; even just repeating the lie further embeds it in their mind. Instead, it’s better to ask questions that might lead to them questioning the conspiracy theory — maybe today, or maybe a year from now. Like democracy, this is a long-term project that’ll only work if we lean in to compassion and community.

This isn’t to say that we should always take everything at face value, especially when leaders as high as RFK Jr. are spreading disinformation. But science and facts are out there, even amidst the wild internet rabbit holes it’s increasingly easy to fall into. If we hold onto our values, pay attention to experts, value evidence, and treat each other with respect, we can all make it through this moment of turmoil… together.

For a transcript of this episode, please email [email protected].

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