By Michael Pakaluk

Loyalty is a republican virtue, and more than that. "The American people have been chary of the word loyalty, perhaps because they regard it as the correlative of royalty," Orestes Brownson says, in his great work on our country, The American Republic, "but loyalty is rather the correlative of law."

That fact pops up from a cursory glance at the components of the word. It clearly comes from the French for law,loi. Loyalty is loi-alty. In Medieval Latin, it was simply legalitas. Loyalty is most fundamentally lawfulness.

But loyalty is not simply "a" virtue, if Brownson is correct. Recall he was writing in 1865, just after disloyal men, the "rebels," had been put down, and hundreds of thousands of loyal men gave up their lives for their country. Let us hear him out:

Loyalty is the highest, noblest, and most generous of human virtues, and is the human element of that sublime love or charity which the inspired Apostle tells us is the fulfilment of the law. It has in it the principle of devotion, of self-sacrifice, and is, of all human virtues, that which renders man the most Godlike. There is nothing great, generous, good, or heroic of which a truly loyal people are not capable, and nothing mean, base, cruel, brutal, criminal, detestable, not to be expected of a really disloyal people.

So, the stakes are high for this virtue, loyalty.

And yet, it seems correct to say, our Catholic tradition in its system of ethics at least does not give direct guidance in it. I say "in its system" because who can be a better instructor in the nature of loyalty than St. Thomas More with his martyrdom and "the King's good servant and God's first"?

And yet there is no classical virtue in St. Thomas that quite corresponds to it, and the Catechism is just about silent about it. "Each man rightly owes loyalty to the communities of which he is a part" (§ 1880), the English translation has, but the Latin and French say, more simply, that he needs to be devoted to those communities, which is something else.

Brownson seems to have believed that it was impossible for what we would call "a liberal" to be loyal at all. Define a liberal as someone who believes that we are under no obligation that we have not contracted into. A mother's obligation to her child, then, comes from the fact that she has agreed to bear him to term. A Christian's obligation to believe comes from his commitment to the faith as a mature adult. A citizen's obligation to obey the law comes from the fact that he somehow has participated in a social contract by which he has "alienated" certain claims to a government. He is loyal and lawful only in the sense that he wishes to be true to himself and his word.

But Brownson places loyalty first among human virtues because it is a recognition of the authority of God and his law, flowing down from above, through a government responsible for the common good of some definite people, rooted in some definite place. We are bound by God's law because He is our Creator, and He is true and just, quite apart from what we have agreed to. That is why the self-sacrifice of a soldier on the field of battle in a just cause can be so admirable and even fruitful, because it is a return back to God of the gift of one's life.

Loyalty so understood ethically requires personification. It is for the motherland or fatherland, or for the nation in relation to the Father of the Country.

St. Pope John Paul II's famous homily in Victory Square, Warsaw, before the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, is a hymn to loyalty, "I wish to kneel before this tomb to venerate every seed that falls into the earth and dies and thus bears fruit."

And then he generalizes and, without quite saying so explicitly, makes loyalty the animating virtue for the entire life of a citizen and patriot:

It may be the seed of the blood of a soldier shed on the battlefield, or the sacrifice of martyrdom in concentration camps or in prisons. It may be the seed of hard daily toil, with t...