Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD

Educational Pearls:

How long do we need to watch patients with a presumed overdose who were treated with naloxone in the field?

• A 2025 study in the Annals of Emergency Medicine took a look at this question
• Methods
  • Prospective, multi-institutional cohort study
  • Included ED patients with suspected acute opioid overdose with biologic testing to confirm substances.
  • This paper performed a secondary analysis evaluating the risk of "delayed intubation," defined as intubation occurring >4 hours after ED arrival.
• Results
  • 1,591 patients with presumed opioid overdose were included.
  • Delayed intubation occurred in only 9 patients (0.6%).
  • 8 of the 9 cases had non-respiratory causes contributing to intubation.
  • Only 1 patient had respiratory-related deterioration, presenting with respiratory acidosis after receiving 6.4 mg naloxone prior to intubation.
• Key Takeaway
  • Delayed respiratory deterioration requiring intubation after 4 hours of ED monitoring is extremely rare, suggesting prolonged monitoring may not be necessary for most stabilized overdose patients.

How else can we mitigate risk?

• Give patients take-home naloxone at discharge and educate them on how to use it (See Episode 673: Leaving the ED with Naloxone).

When are naloxone drips necessary?

• If a patient requires repeated naloxone boluses, consider a drip
• To get the dose, take the total naloxone dose that restored adequate breathing and give two-thirds of that dose per hour
• Typically these patients are admitted to the ICU

References

1. McCabe DJ, Gibbs H, Pratt AA, Culbreth R, Sutphin AM, Abston S, Li S, Wax P, Brent J, Campleman S, Aldy K, Falise A, Manini AF; ToxIC Fentalog Study Group. Risk of Delayed Intubation After Presumed Opioid Overdose in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med. 2025 Jun;85(6):498-504. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2025.01.022. Epub 2025 Mar 4. PMID: 40047773; PMCID: PMC12955731.

Summarized and edited by Jeffrey Olson MS4

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