Functions of the hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, medulla) and the midbrain (including the reticular formation).

New methods of studying the brain, including Clarity, EROS, and optogenetics.

Examples of fMRI brain scans showing brain-behavior relationships, as well as the area of neuromarketing.

Brain imaging using MRI (for detailed anatomy) and fMRI (for function).

Brain imaging using CAT scans (for anatomy) and PET scans (for function).

Chemical stimulation of the brain and various techniques of electrical recording.

An examination of modern therapeutic procedures of stimulating the central nervous system, which often render remarkable results.

Electrical brain stimulation is an attempt to mimic normal brain activity at the tip of inserted electrodes, which enables neuroscientists to examine brain-behavior relationships.

When trying to examine areas inside the brain associated with specific behaviors, lesions and ablations, both destructive in nature, had often been used before technological advances in modern procedures.

Among the older ways of studying brain-behavior relationships is the mapping of the sensory and motor homuncli, which is discussed here along with the remapping of the homunculus resulting in phantom limb sensations.