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Bottom Line Up Top: There is no difference in analgesic efficacy between oral and intramuscular NSAIDs.

Clinical Scenario: A 34-year-old woman presents to the ED with back pain. After your history and physical, you conclude that the patient’s pain is muscular in origin and likely secondary to heavy lifting while moving apartments. You contemplate analgesic options and decide that a NSAID makes sense.  Should you give her PO ibuprofen or IM ketorolac?

What Your Gut Says: Give the ketorolac IM. IM ketorolac will provide better pain relief and the patient will be happier with her care since she got an ‘injection’ and, after all, she did come all the way to the hospital.

What The Evidence Says: Unlike with many areas of medicine, there is ample evidence to answer this question and most of that evidence has been around for a couple of decades. Reviewing every study would be tedious and, fortunately, we’ve got a great review article on the topic. One important thing to understand is that the different NSAIDs have widely accepted equianalgesic doses; at the right dose, all NSAIDs (whether it be naproxen, ibuprofen, ketorolac or diclofenac) give equivalent pain relief (Irizarry 2021). This allows us to look at studies with the different NSAIDs and compare them to each other.

A 2007 review of the literature concluded that there was no difference in analgesia between IM ketorolac and PO ibuprofen (Arora 2007). The study included a number of high-quality research studies:

Study

Format

Comparison

Findings

Notes

Wright 1994

Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data.

PO Ibuprofen 800 mg vs IM ketorolac 60 mg

No difference in analgesic effect.

Ibuprofen superior secondary to cost, ease of administration + lack of pain w/ administration.

Turturo 1995

Double-blind RCT

PO Ibuprofen 800 mg vs IM ketorolac 60 mg

No difference in analgesic effect.

Similar onset of action in mild-moderate pain.

Neighbor 1998

Double-blind RCT

PO Ibuprofen 800 mg vs IM ketorolac 60 mg

No difference in analgesic effect.

Mixter 1998

Double-blind RCT

PO Ibuprofen 800 mg vs IM ketorolac 60 mg

No difference in analgesic effect.

Surgical Patients

Quereshi 2019

Double-blind RCT

IM diclofenac 75 mg vs PO diclofenac 100 mg

Small difference favoring IM in terms of speed to pain relief

Authors conclude PO superior due to time to prepare injection

The data looks fairly clear in terms of analgesic efficacy but, don’t some patients simply prefer to receive a shot? While this dogmatic claim is often made, the data doesn’t appear to support it.

Schwartz and colleagues performed an ingenious trial (Schwartz 2000)

Bottom Line: Just give the NSAID by mouth. IM NSAIDs may provide slightly faster time to analgesia but, IM dosing comes with the cost of injection, pain , a longer time to prepare the dose and more intensive nursing resources to administer the medication. As long as the patient’s gut works, oral NSAIDs provide similar analgesic effects to IM dosing and should be the preferred route of administration.

Bonus Pearls:

Read More

REBEL EM: The Ketorolac Analgesic Ceiling

References

Irizarry E et al. A randomized controlled trial of ibuprofen versus ketorolac versus diclofenac for acute, nonradicular low back pain. Acad Emerg Med 2021; 28(11): 1228-35. PMID: 34133820

Arora S et al. Myth: Parenteral ketorolac provides more effective analgesia than oral ibuprofen. Can J Emerg Med 2007; 9(1): 30-2. PMID: 17391598

Wright JM et al.. NSAID use and efficacy in the emergency department: single doses of oral ibuprofen versus intramuscular ketorolac. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:309-12. PMID: 8193414

Turturro MA et a. Intramuscular ketorolac versus oral ibuprofen in acute musculoskeletal pain. Ann Emerg Med 1995;26:117-20. PMID: 7618770

Neighbor ML et al. Intramuscular ketorolac vs oral ibuprofen in emergency department patietns with acute pain. Acad Emerg Med; 1998; 5(2): 118-122 .PMID: 9492131

Mixter CG et al. Preemptive pain control in patients having laparoscopic hernia repair: a comparison of ketorolac and ibuprofen. Arch Surg 1998;133:432-7. PMID: 9565125

Qureshi I et al. Intramuscular versus oral diclofenac for acute pain in adults with acute musculoskeletal injuries presenting to the ED setting: a prospective, double-blind, double dummy, randomised controlled trial. 2019; 36: 401-6. PMID: 31217178

Schwartz NA et al. Patient’s perceptions of route of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration and its effect on analgesia. Acad Emerg Med 2000; 7: 857-61. PMID: 10958124

Motov S et al. Comparison of intravenous ketorolac at three single-dose regimens for treating acute pain in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 2017; 70(2): 177-84. PMID: 27993418

Post Peer Reviewed By: Salim R. Rezaie, MD (Twitter/X: @srrezaie)

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