Helicopter Human Factors & Safety Lessons for All Pilots takes a deep dive into the psychology, stress responses, and decision-making processes that shape helicopter safety. Host Max Trescott interviews Richard Mornington-Sanford, a world-renowned instructor, consultant for Robinson Helicopter Company, and author of Keep Your RPM in the Green. Listeners can also enter a giveaway to win a copy of Richard's book, by listening to the show for the link to enter to win.

Richard brings decades of experience training pilots on the Robinson R22, R44, and R66, the most widely flown light helicopters in the world. While the discussion focuses on Robinson models, the human factors and safety principles apply to every helicopter pilot.

The episode begins with a technical discussion of autorotations: why rolling off the throttle too quickly in a fuel-injected engine can cause a “rich cut” that leads to engine stoppage, and why applying carburetor heat well before reducing power is critical in carbureted Robinson helicopters. Richard contrasts the behavior of the R22 and R44 under carburetor icing, noting how subtle design differences affect pilot workload.

From there, Max and Richard explore the psychological traps that pilots fall into. Richard argues that pilots should actively look for a reason not to fly, since optimism, investment bias, and passenger pressure often push them toward risky decisions. Canceling a flight, he stresses, is a skill pilots must practice during training to build confidence in making conservative choices.

The conversation highlights the startle effect, in which stress floods the body with adrenaline and cortisol, shutting down rational thought, fine motor skills, and even hearing. Richard recounts a harrowing training flight in Russia where a pilot froze on the controls during a zero-airspeed autorotation. Despite commands, the pilot couldn’t respond—his brain had shut down. Only when the interpreter touched the pilot’s shoulder did he release the controls, saving both lives.

Other key safety lessons include:

• Low RPM emergencies in Robinson helicopters and why training should emphasize manual throttle skills, not just reliance on the governor.
• The importance of a deteriorating weather trigger—a preplanned visibility minimum that prompts immediate diversion, landing, or return to base.
• Recognizing how expectation bias can cause pilots to misinterpret what they see on the ground, leading to navigation errors.
• Why precautionary landings are always safer than pressing into poor conditions, and why regulators support these decisions.

Richard also stresses that human limitations are universal: even experienced pilots can freeze under stress or rationalize unsafe flights. By training realistically, practicing emergency procedures, and being honest with passengers about risks, pilots can greatly improve their margin of safety.

This episode is essential listening for Robinson R22, R44, and R66 pilots, as well as flight instructors, students, and any rotorcraft pilot who wants to better understand human factors, stress, and risk management in helicopter flying.

Please check out these other podcasts in the Aviation News Talk Network:

• Aviation News Talk
• NTSB News Talk Podcast
• UAV News Talk Podcast

Richard's website

Buy Richard's Keep Your RPM in the Green book

Max Trescott talks with Ken Solosky, the NYPD's Chief Pilot on 9/11, about his experiences managing helicopter operations on one of the most catastrophic days in American history. Though Ken wasn’t flying at the moment of the attacks, he was on the ground coordinating the NYPD’s aviation response. He recounts how what began as a seemingly routine aircraft accident quickly escalated into a full-blown national emergency. The aviation unit scrambled a standard rescue package—Bell 412s with divers and crew chiefs, and patrol helicopters—only to face total communication breakdowns. Cell service and landlines failed, radio channels were overloaded, and misinformation, including reports of enemy fighter jets, created unprecedented confusion.

Ken recalls the surreal moment of watching the second plane hit the South Tower live on TV and initially being unable to process the reality. He explains why rooftop rescues weren’t feasible—smoke obscured visibility, doors were locked or inaccessible, and the risk of engine flameout in the intense heat made the mission too dangerous. Still, he and his team documented the scene extensively and continued daily aerial photography for nearly a year afterward.

Ken describes how foreign and domestic aviation units offered immediate support, with helicopters arriving from other cities—even LAPD offering to send their fleet. Yet due to lack of coordination, many of these aircraft were unknown to NYPD at the time and went unused in the response. He speaks candidly about the emotional toll, having lost 10 close friends among the 23 NYPD officers killed, and how that pain continues with the rise in 9/11-related cancer deaths among first responders.

Post-9/11, Ken was instrumental in implementing a “96-hour standalone” plan for the NYPD, designed to maintain operations without headquarters support. Staffing schedules were restructured to ensure long-term response capacity. He shares how the aviation unit has evolved over the years—growing from six helicopters to a modern fleet including Bell 429s, a Bell 407 trainer, and a fixed-wing Caravan used for radiation scanning of incoming ships to New York Harbor.

Ken also offers a detailed look at what a typical day is like for an NYPD pilot—flying patrol missions, conducting surveillance, responding to foot and vehicle pursuits, and supporting SWAT teams. He explains how the aircraft are equipped with cutting-edge tools like high-def thermal imagers, tactical radios, moving maps, and address-targeting cameras that can zoom in on a license plate from miles away. These tools enable precise coordination with ground teams and real-time intelligence, greatly improving safety and effectiveness.

The conversation also delves into pilot recruitment and training, safety management system (SMS) implementation, and Ken’s personal advice for those interested in joining a law enforcement aviation unit. He emphasizes that character and work ethic matter just as much as flight hours.

In lighter moments, Ken shares stories of flying Barbara Bush to West Point when Marine One had mechanical issues, and being told by Yankees legend Derek Jeter that flying for the NYPD was cooler than being the Yankees’ shortstop. He also describes dramatic rescues, like locating a man stranded on a sandbar after his friend swam off—and later finding that friend safe on another island.

Ken currently flies both a Bell 407 and an Augusta 109 for corporate clients and continues to teach and speak for the FAA and EAA. His legacy and continued contribution to aviation safety and training are evident throughout the episode. The interview is both a sobering reflection on 9/11 and a celebration of how aviation supports public safety in today’s complex world.

Mentioned on the Show:

Ken Solosky's "Solo Sky" YouTube Channel

Aviation News Talk Podcast

NTSB News Talk Podcast

UAV News Talk Podcast

This episode originally ran on the Aviation News Talk podcast. In it, Max Trescott interviews Dr. John Trowbridge, a physician and former senior Aviation Medical Examiner, to tackle a hidden yet critical safety topic: how over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications contribute to general aviation accidents. Studies have found that up to 40% of fatal accidents involve pilots with impairing substances in their system—ranging from allergy medications to sleep aids to alcohol. The problem? Many of these substances are legal and even commonplace, yet can significantly degrade judgment, memory, attention, and coordination.

Dr. Trowbridge emphasizes that many pilots—and even their doctors—are unaware of FAA wait-time guidelines. He explains the FAA’s “5x rule,” which states that a pilot must wait five times the recommended dosage interval before flying. So if a medication is taken every six hours, the pilot should wait 30 hours after the last dose. For 24-hour medications like Zyrtec, the wait time stretches to five full days.

The discussion highlights the particular dangers of first-generation antihistamines like Benadryl (diphenhydramine), which are highly sedating and frequently found in sleep aids like Tylenol PM, NyQuil, and Unisom. These medications, even when taken the night before, can impair cognitive function well into the next day. Alarmingly, Benadryl is the most commonly detected OTC drug in fatal GA accidents.

Dr. Trowbridge also warns about second-generation antihistamines like Zyrtec and Xyzal. While marketed as “non-drowsy,” these can still cause subtle sedation, especially in combination with alcohol or other medications. Alternatives like Allegra and Claritin are usually safer and FAA-approved—but only after personal ground-testing and AME consultation.

Beyond antihistamines, they explore other drug categories. For pain relief, medications like aspirin, Tylenol, ibuprofen, and Aleve are generally safe, but anything with “PM” on the label likely contains sedating ingredients. Prescription painkillers like codeine are outright disqualifying. Dr. Trowbridge shares unconventional options too, like topical lidocaine, coconut oil, and even horse liniment—though with cautions about application and legality.

Sleep aids are another minefield. Melatonin is the only one on the FAA’s “go list,” and even it should be ground-tested first. Nasal decongestants such as Afrin and Sudafed can raise blood pressure and cause jitteriness, making natural remedies like saline rinses or cool vapor inhalation preferable.

Cough medications also pose risks. Products with dextromethorphan (like DayQuil or Delsym) can sedate, as can multi-symptom formulas marked “PM” or “nighttime.” Gastrointestinal issues are more straightforward: most antacids like Tums and Maalox are safe, but anti-diarrheals like Imodium are not, due to sedation risks. UTIs are covered with non-sedating options like AZO and D-Mannose, but Dr. Trowbridge cautions pilots never to fly if symptomatic or on unfamiliar antibiotics.

The conversation then turns to alcohol. The FAA’s limit is 0.04%, but even lower levels can impair judgment, night vision, and reaction time—especially when combined with other medications or altitude-related hypoxia. Max cites an older FAA study showing that alcohol above 0.04% was found in 7% of fatal pilot crashes, with 3% involving both alcohol and drugs.

Finally, Dr. Trowbridge emphasizes the importance of pilot self-awareness and due diligence. Most doctors are not trained in FAA regulations and may prescribe disqualifying medications unless reminded. He urges pilots to always research their medications, consult their AME, and even speak with pharmacists about interactions and cognitive side effects.

Dr. Trowbridge’s website, ClearedForTakeoff.info, offers in-depth presentations on pilot health concerns like sleep, sinus issues, inflammation, and safe alternatives to disqualifying drugs. His goal is to help pilots avoid both illness and medication risks, empowering them to stay flying—and stay safe.

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Mentioned on the Show:

Dr. Trowbridge’s website, ClearedForTakeoff.info

Aviation News Talk Podcast

NTSB News Talk Podcast

UAV News Talk Podcast

Max Trescott is joined by DPE Matt Johnson for a comprehensive and engaging mock oral checkride focused on the private helicopter pilot certification. This episode, one of the most popular styles in the Rotary Wing Show and Aviation News Talk history, simulates the real-world experience of sitting for an FAA practical test, complete with detailed discussions of eligibility, regulations, systems knowledge, and scenario-based questions.

Matt begins by describing his pre-checkride procedures, including document verification, aircraft records review, and setting a comfortable environment for the applicant. He emphasizes the three-legged stool concept: the examiner must be qualified, the aircraft must be airworthy, and the applicant must meet all regulatory requirements. To build rapport, Matt asks Max who his first passenger would be, which Matt then cleverly weaves into multiple checkride scenarios.

The mock oral kicks off with pilot certification and recency requirements under FAR 61.57, followed by an in-depth discussion of Robinson-specific endorsements under SFAR 73. Max correctly explains the need for an additional PIC endorsement after passing the checkride and describes the required flight reviews based on time-in-type.

The two then explore aircraft documents using the AROW mnemonic and systems such as weight and balance. Max demonstrates knowledge of performance planning, Vne adjustments, retreating blade stall, and preflight procedures. He uses both the PAVE and I'M SAFE checklists to explain how he assesses his personal readiness before a flight.

Matt tests Max's cross-country planning, asking about checkpoint selection, altitude choice, and airspace compliance. Max describes navigating around Hayward, California, and into the Central Valley, carefully avoiding Class B and C airspace. The discussion extends into weather analysis, interpretation of AIRMETs and SIGMETs, and use of EFB tools for inflight awareness.

In the systems and emergencies portion, Max explains operation of the electrical system, what to do in case of alternator or battery failure, and how the engine continues to operate using magnetos. They also dive into clutch actuator warnings, rotor system dynamics (free-teetering under-slung system), and the hazards of low-G mast bumping, vortex ring state, and forward CG conditions.

For add-on ratings, Matt details how the helicopter ACS matrix minimizes the oral scope for already-rated pilots. They compare traffic pattern procedures for helicopters versus airplanes, discuss airport lighting for heliports, and reinforce unique requirements like helipad rotating beacon colors (green-yellow-white).

Throughout the oral, Matt guides the conversation in a scenario-based manner to simulate a real checkride. He weaves in questions on regulations, performance charts, and even cross-references student answers to determine when to revisit topics like weight and balance, systems, or weather.

The episode wraps just before the preflight inspection begins, with Matt outlining the structure of the flight portion, which would include autorotations, hover maneuvers, and a post-flight debrief.

This detailed, realistic mock checkride offers exceptional value for both helicopter students and fixed-wing pilots considering a rotorcraft add-on. It brings listeners inside the mind of a DPE and prepares them for what to expect on test day—covering not just the “what” but the “why” behind FAA testing standards.

If you're getting value from this show, please support the show via PayPal, Venmo, Zelle or Patreon.

Support the Show by buying a Lightspeed ANR Headsets

Max has been using only Lightspeed headsets for nearly 25 years! I love their tradeup program that let's you trade in an older Lightspeed headset for a newer model. Start with one of the links below, and Lightspeed will pay a referral fee to support Rotary Wing Show.

Lightspeed Delta Zulu Headset $1299

Lightspeed Zulu 3 Headset $949

Lightspeed Sierra Headset $749

My Review on the Lightspeed Delta Zulu

Send us your feedback or comments via email

If you have a question you’d like answered on the show, let listeners hear you ask the question, by recording your listener question using your phone.

Mentioned on the Show:

Matt Johnson's website

Aviation News Talk Podcast

NTSB News Talk Podcast

UAV News Talk Podcast

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In this special episode of The Rotary Wing Show, titled Top 10 Helicopter Stories + Helicopter News, aviation podcaster Max Trescott officially takes the reins from longtime host Mick Cullen. The episode celebrates the legacy of the podcast while looking forward to its new direction—with Max blending classic storytelling and timely helicopter news.

Mick kicks things off by sharing how he created the show in Australia to connect helicopter pilots working in isolated environments. With a passion for online marketing and storytelling, he built a platform where rotorcraft professionals could share their experiences with a global audience.

Together, Mick and Max count down 10 of the most impactful helicopter stories from past episodes:

1. Mike Durant (Ep. 34) – The Black Hawk Down pilot shares powerful war stories and lessons from special operations aviation.
2. Rob Mason (Ep. 46) – Vietnam veteran and Chickenhawk author delivers raw insight into helicopter combat.
3. Harry Benson (Ep. 67) – British pilot recounts helicopter operations in the Falklands War.
4. Peter Gillies (Ep. 41) – “Cyclic back” technique for emergency response—a must-hear safety episode.
5. Matt Barker (Ep. 56) – The infamous “chicken bone story” that listeners can’t forget.
6. Richard Morningstar Sanford (Eps. 93, 103) – Offers deep technical dives into governor systems and carburetor icing in Robinson helicopters.
7. Dan Parsons (Ep. 109) – Analyzes a Pasadena Police Department accident and the systemic causes behind it.
8. Kevin Humphreys (Eps. 70 and Ep. 71)– Opens up about mental health in aviation and the importance of speaking out.
9. Mike Atkinson (Ep. 75)– Shares survival flying stories from the Australian Army and appearing on the TV series Alone.
10. Shawn Coyle (Ep. 19) and Dennis Kenyon (Eps. 14 and Ep. 15) – Interviews that preserved the voices of helicopter legends before their passing.

Max shares how the show helped him during his own training for a helicopter add-on rating, often listening during long drives to the flight school. He explains how stories like Sanford’s technical breakdowns directly improved his flying and understanding.

Looking ahead, Max announces that the podcast will often now feature helicopter news updates—much like his Aviation News Talk show. This week’s news headlines include:

• 🛫 FAA reroutes helicopter corridors near Washington Reagan National Airport to improve safety.
• 🎓 U.S. Army revamps pilot training, with a possible shift to contractor-run flight schools using Robinson R66 helicopters.
• 🌊 Robinson R44 ditching in Ecuador, with video footage of the emergency landing and a safe outcome for all aboard.
• 🚁 Nassau County Police under FAA review after low hover maneuvers at a crowded beach stirred public backlash. Similar 2018 incident at Penn State
• ⚖️ New Zealand pilot sentenced for offering unlicensed commercial helicopter rides.
• ❗ NTSB report on EC130 crash cites pilot's use of sedating medications as a contributing factor in a fatal loss-of-control accident.
• 🇨🇦 Nova Scotia asks the public to name its new fleet of H125 helicopters, used in wildfire response.

In a heartfelt moment, Mick spotlights one of his proudest achievements: World Helicopter Day, held annually on the third Sunday in August (August 17 in 2025). Created as a grassroots event to promote helicopter awareness, it has grown to include events around the world—from Australia to Serbia to New York. Mick encourages operators and flight schools to use the day to connect with the public, host open houses, and inspire the next generation of pilots.

As the show closes, Max promises to honor the storytelling tradition of The Rotary Wing Show while bringing new energy and information to helicopter enthusiasts worldwide.

Whether you’re a career rotorcraft pilot, a flight student, or simply curious about helicopter operations, this episode delivers a powerful mix of legacy stories and breaking news. It’s the perfect on-ramp for both longtime fans and new listeners.

The flying you will get to hear about in this episode is a reminder about the difference your helicopter skillset can make to people that are in harms way, and that there is nothing quite like these machines. It also earnt those involved distinguished flying crosses. In September 2020, the California National Guard rescued nearly …

Continue reading "RWS 113 – 2020 Creek Fire California Rescues w/ US National Guard"

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Kylle Fenton is an Air Crew Officer (ACO) involved in air rescue and ambulance operations supporting NSW, Australia communities. He is more accustomed to being the one to bring the resources, rescue and safety to others in “the worst day of their life”.  In this episode Kylle tells a gripping story of when he and …

Continue reading "RWS 112 – What Do Army Loadmasters Do and an Amazing Story of Flood Rescue in the Town of Eugowra Nov 2022 with Kylle Fenton"

The post RWS 112 – What Do Army Loadmasters Do and an Amazing Story of Flood Rescue in the Town of Eugowra Nov 2022 with Kylle Fenton appeared first on The Rotary Wing Show Podcast.

James Koens is a Check and Training Aircrew Officer on very expensive rescue/aeromedical helicopters. He also finds time to be a helicopter charter pilot, Army Reserve aircrewman, volunteer rural firefighter and a podcast host. This episode is being pushed out the door half cooked so that you can hear it sooner. Please forgive any short …

Continue reading "RWS 111 – Rescue Helicopter Crew Duties to 4300km R22 Ferry Through Remote Australia w/ James Koens"

The post RWS 111 – Rescue Helicopter Crew Duties to 4300km R22 Ferry Through Remote Australia w/ James Koens appeared first on The Rotary Wing Show Podcast.

Have you applied the idea of situational awareness to weather before? Knowing what the weather was doing, what the weather is now and what it will be in the future. With access to the right weather products and knowing more about how they are developed you can level up your pre-flight weather assessment.  Weather is …

Continue reading "RWS 110 – Better Weather Situational Awareness with Matt Johnson"

The post RWS 110 – Better Weather Situational Awareness with Matt Johnson appeared first on The Rotary Wing Show Podcast.

You have probably seen the video clip on social media multiple times – a OH-58 comes into land and as it touches down the blades contact another helicopter ground running beside it. Both aircraft are destroyed in spectacular manner but luckily there is no loss of life. In this episode we give a lot more …

Continue reading "RWS 109 – Going Beyond the Social Media Clip – Pasadena PD Accident (2012) with Dan Parsons"

The post RWS 109 – Going Beyond the Social Media Clip – Pasadena PD Accident (2012) with Dan Parsons appeared first on The Rotary Wing Show Podcast.