It's said that the dose makes the poison, but that doesn't change the fact that some poison is just more poison-y than others. This week, we get a lethal dose of venomous knowledge!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Sources:

[Definition]

Toxin vs. poison vs. venom

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12062

https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/whats-in-a-name-venoms-vs-poisons-toxinology-101

[Dead or Not Dead]

[Trivia Question]

Belgian musicians getting sick from botulism

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5133258/#b01

https://www.jstor.org/stable/30099331

[Fact Off]

Ants disinfect using their butt poison

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31147-3

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/736123

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982212013784

https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/Antintro.htm

https://elifesciences.org/articles/60287

https://www.mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/Researchtaxapages/Formicidaepages/genericpages/Lasius.neglectus.htm

Bacteriophage that stole spider venom protein

https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evo-news/black-widow-virus-results-from-evolution-not-genetic-engineering/

https://www.livescience.com/56443-black-widow-spider-dna-found-inside-virus.html

https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2016/10/11/virus-carrying-dna-of-black-widow-spider-toxin-discovered/

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2108671-virus-steals-black-widow-poison-gene-to-help-it-attack/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Effects of ingesting venom

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266834/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273230014003419?via%3Dihub

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7985199/

https://www.jem-journal.com/article/S0736-4679(15)01377-3/fulltext

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3349795/

[Butt One More Thing]

Goats can deactivate poisonous plant compounds

https://calag.ucanr.edu/Archive/?article=ca.v046n03p4

https://agresearchfoundation.oregonstate.edu/sites/agresearchfoundation.oregonstate.edu/files/bionaz_2014-16_final.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938409002510?via%3Dihub

In a universe of chaos, one scrappy form of highly-ordered solid matter dares to be different: crystals! And crystal expert Tyler Thrasher is here to tell us all we need to know about them!

Want more Tyler Thrasher (and who wouldn't?!)? Check out https://tylerthrasher.com to learn more about his myriad of other projects!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

It's just about Thanksgiving here in the US; a special time during which we count our blessings. And this year, Tangents is giving you an extra thing to be thankful for: Stefan's our special guest! 

Our long lost co-host returns to talk to us about wings: birds love to use 'em, people love to eat 'em, and planes need them too, I guess. Sit around the table with us, won't you, as we pass out some heaping helpings of science knowledge. Pass the gravy!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Number of bird wings in the Burke Museum 

https://www.burkemuseum.org/collections-and-research/biology/ornithology

https://www.audubon.org/news/behind-scenes-worlds-largest-bird-wing-collection

https://www.burkemuseum.org/collections-and-research/biology/ornithology/collections-database/results.php?l=20&o=0&n=40653&m=32557&f=&g=&s=17h%7EIymyNd1yIp&w=PfHdywfPYczv2Y01KbF0&wo=PHdywPYjdyhNdQIY1KbF

[Fact Off]

Club-winged manakins use wing feathers to chirp/sing

Video & audio: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSHjhCN6NC0

Audio-only clips: https://ebird.org/species/clwman1

Picture of feathers: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PipraWing.jpg

https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2005/07/rare-south-american-bird-sings-its-feathers-attract-mate-cornell-researcher-finds

https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/singing-with-his-wings-the-club-winged-manakins-display/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440988/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Planes flying upside down

https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/what-is-lift/

https://www.popsci.com/flying-upside-down-physics/

https://www.flyingmag.com/why-can-airplanes-fly-upside-down/

https://howthingsfly.si.edu/ask-an-explainer/how-do-planes-fly-upside-down

[Butt One More Thing]

Airplane and wing butt lines

http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/design/q0289.shtml

https://www.aircraftsystemstech.com/p/location-numbering-systems-even-on.html

https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/72611/what-is-the-difference-between-a-wing-station-and-wing-buttock-line

http://www.techdrawingtools.com/24/l2402.htm

Before you listen, just take a moment to think about how sight works: Light comes out of the sun, bounces off of a tree (or whatever), goes inside of your head, and hits some nerves which send signals to your brain which turns that into an image of a tree (or whatever)... I wouldn't believe it if I weren't looking at this screen and typing these words right now! 

Also, what better medium to talk about seeing stuff than a podcast!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Colossal squid eye size

https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/discover-collections/read-watch-play/science/anatomy-colossal-squid/eyes-colossal-squid

https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/largest-eye-world-giant-squid

[Fact Off]

Climbing vine can mimic plastic plant leaves

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-02229-8

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/the-sneaky-life-of-the-worlds-most-mysterious-plant

Ogre-faced spider eye membrane regeneration 

https://www.jstor.org/stable/77314

https://australian.museum/learn/animals/spiders/how-spiders-see-the-world/

https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/MISC/SPIDERS/ogre_faced_spider_Deinopis_spinosa.htm

https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?id=116061

[Ask the Science Couch]

Human visible spectrum & eye evolution

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5093619/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/12/141218210100.htm

https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004884

https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-213

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2013.2995

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2002/may/30/medicalscience.research

[Butt One More Thing]

Tadpole butt eye transplant

http://jeb.biologists.org/content/216/6/1031

https://slate.com/technology/2013/03/tadpole-eye-transplants-reveal-neuroplasticity-in-tufts-lab.html

This week, we investigate one of the more complicated, fraught, mysterious, and downright unpleasant ways we and lots of other living things navigate the world: pain.

From headaches to scorpion stings, there's lots of ways to get hurt, but is anything as painful as Hank's Liam Neeson impression? Let's find out!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Walking on LEGOs

https://science.discoveryplace.org/blog/ever-wonder-why-it-hurts-when-you-step-on-a-lego-brick

https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/469467-farthest-distance-walking-on-lego-bricks

[Fact Off]

Bees making motivational trade-off based on pain & sugar

https://www.science.org/content/article/bees-may-feel-pain

https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2205821119

Grasshopper mice block pain from scorpion venom

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1236451

https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3404

https://brill.com/view/journals/beh/99/3-4/article-p275_5.xml?language=en

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347205004318

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izizsAodOCk

[Ask the Science Couch]

Pain modulation & inhibition (with other pain or distraction)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jL9GgdsyHtA

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0987705320301465

https://journals.lww.com/pain/Citation/2014/04000/Pain_modulation_profile_and_pain_therapy__Between.5.aspx

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-26882/v3

https://journals.lww.com/painrpts/Fulltext/2022/06000/Conditioned_pain_modulation_is_associated_with.10.aspx

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7689692/

[Butt One More Thing]

“Bubble Butt Syndrome” sea turtle injury

https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Animals-and-plants/Native-animals/rescued-sea-turtles-treatment-care-guidelines-210143.pdf

https://cse.umn.edu/college/feature-stories/shoring-seemore-sea-turtles-shell

https://www.turtlehospital.org/sea-turtle-injuries/

It's the day after Halloween, which means you might have a surplus of candy in your house. But before you start digging in to those sugary treat, spare a thought for your teeth, won't you? And to help you with that, today we have a classic episode all about your pearly whites! 

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Tangents' annual descent into horror returns with Trick or Treat Month! And this time, we brought some fiendish friends along! Join us for a whole month of spooky themes and special guest stars! 

Trick or Treat Month reaches it's horrific, blood-soaked conclusion! And who better to help us wade through the pools of gore than Dr. Sydnee and Justin McElroy, co-hosts of the medical history podcast Sawbones? No one, that's who!

Want more Sydnee and Justin? Check out https://www.blectar.com to find the whole McElroy family of podcasts, including Sawbones!

Get your extra-scary SciShow Tangents Halloween Decal here! Tell 'em Spooky Sam sent you!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[This or That]

Round 1 - Bat tongue

https://www.livescience.com/52305-bat-tongues-move-like-human-bowels.html

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1500525

Round 2 - Ground finch beak

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/why-some-darwins-finches-evolved-drink-blood-180976814/

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2408396?origin=crossref

https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0555-8

https://gizmodo.com/meet-the-worlds-most-amiable-vampire-the-hood-mockingb-1742955703

Round 3 - Snail proboscis 

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12864-015-1648-4.pdf

https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=527497

https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/gallery/snailradulalarge.html

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/1541716

Round 4 - Possum tongue

https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/pages/a117ced5-9a94-4586-afdb-1f333618e1e3/files/33-ind.pdf

https://www.uwa.edu.au/study/-/media/Faculties/Science/Docs/Features-of-the-honey-possum.pdf

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00360-011-0632-9

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003600050257

https://www.bushheritage.org.au/species/honey-possum

Round 5 - Egg Substitute

https://nordicfoodlab.wordpress.com/2014/01/07/2013-9-blood-and-egg/#_ftn4

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/albumin

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/egg-albumen

[Ask the Science Couch]

Blood donation, IVs, & venepuncture

https://www.fi.edu/heart/blood-vessels

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138671/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/median-cubital-vein

https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/01.res.22.6.737

https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/tests/arterial-stick

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138661/

https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn/chapter/8-6-infusing-iv-fluids-by-gravity-or-an-electronic-infusion-device-pump/

[Butt One More Thing]

Snakes and cloacal autohemorrhaging 

https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-snake-id/snake/eastern-hog-nosed-snake/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/3-s2.0-B9780323482530001719/first-page-pdf

https://www.cresosnake.com/kingsnakes

Tangents' annual descent into horror returns with Trick or Treat Month! And this time, we brought some fiendish friends along! Join us for a whole month of spooky themes and special guest stars!

From out of the pumpkin patch rises author, YouTuber, and podcaster Jackson Bird, here to thrill us with terrifying tales of the scariest produce of all: gourds! From pumpkins to watermelon, this versatile family of fruits nourishes and terrifies in equal measure!

Get your extra-scary SciShow Tangents Halloween Decal here! Tell 'em Spooky Sam sent you!

Looking for more Jackson Bird? You can buy his book, Sorted, listen to his podcast, Cool Stuff Ride Home, or check him out on YouTube! And if you want to know what this waffle business we were talking about is, check out his series Will It Waffle?!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Truth or Fail]

Squash bees and poison pollen

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7033150/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666515821000147

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33998650/

https://lopezuribelab.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/SquashBeeBooklet-WEB_VERSION_FINAL.pdf

Field mice and cool cucumbers

https://horticulture.oregonstate.edu/oregon-vegetables/cucumbers-slicing-fresh-market

https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/tn/sfsm_opguide.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC396419/pdf/plntphys00196-0020.pdf

Crickets and bottle gourd instruments

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00606086

https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/glossary/terms/stridulation/

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-are-cricket-gourds

[Ask the Science Couch]

Gourd cross-pollination

https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/newsletters/hortupdate/hortupdate_archives/2005/apr05/Melons.html

https://extension.sdstate.edu/saving-seed-pumpkins-squash-cucumbers-melons-and-gourds

https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/cross-pollination-between-vine-crops

https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/faq/will-cucumbers-cross-pollinate-other-vine-crops

[Butt One More Thing]

Aardvark cucumbers & dung piles

https://ulovane.co.za/2017/03/16/ulovane-update-aardvark-cucumber/

https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA00423203_2648

Tangents annual descent into horror returns with Trick or Treat Month! And this time, we brought some fiendish friends along! Join us for a whole month of spooky themes and special guest stars!

This week, we've called upon the spirit of Radiolab and Terrestrials ghost host Lulu Miller to get down in the muck and talk about all the wormy, wriggly, slimy, little creatures that send shivers down our spines: creepy crawlies! 

Get your extra-scary SciShow Tangents Halloween Decal here! Tell 'em Spooky Sam sent you!

https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents/products/scishow-tangents-halloween-logo-sticker

Looking for more Lulu Miller? Check out Radiolab or Terrestrials if podcasts are your thing, or Why Fish Don't Exist if you're more of a book person! There's a little something for everyone!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

Tangents annual descent into horror returns with Trick or Treat Month! And this time, we brought some fiendish friends along! Join us for a whole month of spooky themes and special guest stars!

And to kick off Trick or Treat Month, we've summoned Simpsons writer, author and food reviewer extraordinaire Bill Oakley to talk about preserved food! How is preserved food spooky? I guess you'll just have to listen to find out! 

Want more Bill Oakley? You're in luck! You can follow him on Twitter or Instagram to check out his food reviews, get his audiobook, Space: 1969, here, and join his Patreon, The Steamed Hams Society, here! Become a Bill Oakley Superfan... today!

Get your extra-scary SciShow Tangents Halloween Decal here! Tell 'em Spooky Sam sent you!

SciShow Tangents is on YouTube! Go to www.youtube.com/scishowtangents to check out this episode with the added bonus of seeing our faces! 

Head to www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscribers Garth Riley and Tom Mosner for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Are You Gonna Eat That?]

Old Twinkie

Source:

https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/twinkie-maine-40-years/story?id=40076223

https://www.thespruceeats.com/the-twinkie-myth-1328772

Old Ham

https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-28299440

Old Fruit Cake

https://www.worldrecordacademy.org/world-records/food/oldest-fruitcake-143-year-old-fruitcake-sets-world-record-312432

Old Pickle

https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/ozarks/2020/05/20/springfield-pokin-around-man-pickle-family-heirloom-175-years/5212382002/

Old WIne

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/worlds-oldest-wine-speyer-bottle

[Ask the Science Couch]

Chip bag slack fill & nitrogen gas as a preservative

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/51993/why-are-potato-chip-bags-always-half-empty

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pts.2770070205