Surgery 101

The parathyroid glands are important organs implicated in the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Due to their small size, complicated physiology and variable location they proved difficult for early clinicians and scientists to fully understand. Today, disease of the parathyroid glands is a commonly recognized endocrine disorder that is often managed surgically.

By the end of this podcast, listeners will be able to:

1. Describe the anatomy and function of parathyroid glands
2. Discuss common pathophysiology involved in parathyroid disease
3. Outline the management of parathyroid disease
4. List complications of parathyroid surgery

Obstructive sleep apnea or OSA is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. Repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep causes obstructive apneas, hypopneas, and sleep fragmentation. OSA is distinguished from central sleep apnea which is attributable to an underlying neurological cause. The prevalence of OSA estimated between 1.5-4 percent and is more common in older males. In this episode, we will discuss the relevant anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation as well as surgical evaluation, management, and complications.

By the end of this podcast, listeners will be able to:

Obstructive sleep apnea or OSA is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. Repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep causes obstructive apneas, hypopneas, and sleep fragmentation. OSA is distinguished from central sleep apnea which is attributable to an underlying neurological cause. The prevalence of OSA estimated between 1.5-4 percent and is more common in older males. In this episode, we will discuss the relevant anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation as well as surgical evaluation, management, and complications.

By the end of this podcast, listeners will be able to:

1. Define obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
2. Discuss anatomy related to OSA
3. Discuss surgical management options for OSA
4. List complications of surgery for OSA

PDF Notes for Surgery 101 Episode on Surgical Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) attempts to restore normal physiologic function of the sinuses via correction of underlying anatomical abnormalities and obstruction. The term functional refers to strategies aimed at preserving the natural drainage pathways of the sinuses. It is important to note that FESS does not cure sinonasal disease but rather facilitates the healing process by improving sinus ventilation and drainage allowing for gradual resolution of mucosal disease. Post-surgical changes also facilitate the delivery of saline and intranasal steroid medications to the paranasal sinus cavities. In this episode, we will discuss the relevant anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with a specific emphasis on functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)

Learning Objectives

PDF Notes for Surgery 101 episode on Chronic Rhinosinusitis and FESS.

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) attempts to restore normal physiologic function of the sinuses via correction of underlying anatomical abnormalities and obstruction. The term functional refers to strategies aimed at preserving the natural drainage pathways of the sinuses. It is important to note that FESS does not cure sinonasal disease but rather facilitates the healing process by improving sinus ventilation and drainage allowing for gradual resolution of mucosal disease. Post-surgical changes also facilitate the delivery of saline and intranasal steroid medications to the paranasal sinus cavities. In this episode, we will discuss the relevant anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with a specific emphasis on functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)

Learning Objectives

1. Describe the anatomy and function of the paranasal sinuses
2. Define functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
3. Define chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS)
4. List the complications of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)

Hoarseness is a common complaint in primary care. It denotes a dysphonia originating from the vocal cords of the larynx. It describes any change in voice quality. It is important to remember it is a symptom of underlying pathology and not a diagnosis. In this episode, we will discuss the relevant anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of common causes of hoarseness.

By the end of this podcast, listeners will be able to:

Hoarseness is a common complaint in primary care. It denotes a dysphonia originating from the vocal cords of the larynx. It describes any change in voice quality. It is important to remember it is a symptom of underlying pathology and not a diagnosis. In this episode, we will discuss the relevant anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of common causes of hoarseness.

By the end of this podcast, listeners will be able to:

1. Define hoarseness
2. Explain common etiologies contributing to hoarseness
3. List the treatment options for the common causes of hoarseness

PDF notes for Surgery 101 Episode on Approach to Hoarseness.