The Almost Forgotten

The Sengoku period’s disorder seemed to have ended as Oda Nobunaga unified much of Japan. But his murder threatened to return the country back into civil war, until Toyotomi Hideyoshi stepped in and took control, creating an even more unified government and instituting major reforms.

The end of the Sengoku Jidai, or Warring States Period, in Japan, was ushered in by Oda Nobunaga. Nobunaga pulled much of Honshu under his rule, and began the transition to united rule that would lead to the Tokugawa Shogunate.

This episode, we return to eastern Europe to finish up the stories of Jogaila, who had become king of Poland, and Vytautas, who ruled as the Grand Duke of Lithuania. Theoretically Jogaila was Vytautas’s sovereign, and although at times it produced some tension, in 1410, they were in a tight alliance, ready to go to war as allies.

For the next two episodes, we’ll look at Jogaila and Vytautas, two men who helped shaped eastern Europe for centuries to come. Together, they paved a path that would join a rapidly growing Lithuania with Poland, push back threats from the west, hold sway over lands to their east, and create a state that dominated the region for centuries.

Count Amadeus VI of Savoy was from a small mountain county of the Holy Roman Empire in the western Alps, and helped turn it into what would eventually be one of the most important states in early modern Europe.

Rajendra I, Emperor of the Chola, ruled southern India in the 11th century. Rajendra’s father expanded the Chola empire to become the dominant power in southern India, and Rajendra grew it well beyond that, to become the dominant power around the whole Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.

Eumenes II brought the Kingdom of Pergamon to its greatest height, and helped make the city into something that would be influential for centuries. He did what he had to do to keep his kingdom strong and independent, but the price he paid for that helped sow the seed of Roman domination throughout the Eastern Mediterranean.

Attalus led Pergamon in the latter half of the 3rd century BC, as it grew from a small city to a major player in the Mediterranean in the span of a couple of generations. They took on the most powerful Hellenistic Kingdoms of the day, allied with the Roman Republic, and became a center of Hellenistic culture for a century.

Isar Samy was king of Ebla during its golden age, the 24th century BC. Ebla ruled a kingdom in northwest Syria that traded with Egypt, Sumer, and beyond, and manage to preserve a collection of some of the oldest written texts ever found.

Turenne was a major figure in France during the golden age of the Ancien Regime. Napoleon said his “audacity grew with years and experience” as some of his greatest victories were when he was in his mid-60s. He was a great general in an age of greats, a brilliant strategist, and was a supporter of the common soldier in an age of aristocracy.