The search is on for the legendary mines of the north! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we discuss the early Spanish expeditions to what is now Benguet. (Listen to S5E6 before listening to this one!)

Through extortion, occupation, and “tribute”, the Spanish conquistadors in the Philippines get to work looting and plundering that most precious of all metals: gold. 

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References:

Sitoy, T. Valentino, Jr. (1985). A History of Christianity in the Philippines: The Initial Encounter, Vol. 1. New Day Publishers.

Newson, Linda A. (2011). Conquest & Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Capistrano-Baker, Florina H.; Guy, John; Miksic, John N. (eds.) (2012). Philippine Ancestral Gold. Ayala Foundation and NUS Press.

Estrella, Victor (29 November 2016). “Ancient Tagalog Goldworking Technology from  Fray San Buenaventura’s Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala: Integrating Archaeological, Linguistic, and Ethnohistoric Data.” Hukay, 20, p. 47-78.

“Reply to Fray Rada’s Opinion,” (1574) in In Blair, Emma Helen, and Robertson, James Alexander (eds.), The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 (Vol. 3), Arthur H. Clark Company.

Habana, Olivia M. (2000). “Gold Mining in Benguet to 1898.” Philippine Studies, 48(4), p. 455-487.

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (undated). “Pre-colonial Gold and Pottery Collection.” Museo ng Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. 

Ocampo, Ambeth (17 May 2012). “Living in a golden age.” Inquirer.net https://opinion.inquirer.net/28895/living-in-a-golden-age

“A Golden Discovery in the Philippines.” (11 September 2015). Asia Society. https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/golden-discovery-philippines

Clashes over cowboy country! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we discuss the conflict that raged over this Mindanao province during World War II. (Listen to S5E5 before listening to this one!)

The Bataan Death March is rightly remembered as one of the worst atrocities in the Philippine theater of World War II. But it wasn’t the only death march.

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References:

Frederick Marion Fullerton Collection (AFC/2001/001/15785), Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.

Edgerton, Ronald K. (2009). People of the Middle Ground: A Century of Conflict and Central Mindanao, 1880-1980s. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

“Interview with Benjamin Hagans” (undated). The Digital Collections of the National WWII Museum.

Richard P. Beck Collection (AFC/2001/001/54751), Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.

Congressional Office of Iligan City (21 February 2021). “[LOOK]: "The Iligan Death March :What We Should Know about It” [interview with Roderico Y. Dumaug, Jr.]. Facebook Live.

Donesa, Robert John (2020). “The Mindanao Death March: Establishing a Historical Fact Through Online Research.” International Journal of Innovation, Creativity, and Change, 11(7).

“Richard P. Beck.” [Obituary] (2 December 2007). The Sumter Item.

Disabled American Veterans. “Surviving the Bataan Death March [interview with Lester Tenney].” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPbAd1TUGJA

Witness the rise of the incubated duck egg! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we present a short history of that signature Pinoy dish. (Listen to S5E4 before listening to this one!)

In the 1890s, a wealthy Filipino family sits down to eat a “full Filipino breakfast.” Let’s run down the history of everything on their menu, shall we?

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References:

Doeppers, Daniel (2016). Feeding Manila in Peace and War, 1850-1945. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Legarda, Benito J. (1999). After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change, and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Sta. Maria, Felice Prudente (1991). Pigafetta’s Philippine Picnic: Culinary Encounters During the First Circumnavigation, 1519-1522. National Historical Commission of the Philippines.

Rafael, Vincente (2000). “Foreword.” In Cardenas, Karen Berthelsen (eds.) The Tayabas Chronicles: The Early Years (1886-1907), Anvil Publishing.

“What is ENSO?” National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.weather.gov/mhx/ensowhat

Need labor, lumber, and loads of rice? The Spanish in Manila looked to Pampanga. In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we check in on one of colonial Philippines’ most important provinces. (Listen to S5E3 before listening to this one!)

Kapampangan warriors! Japanese mercs! Spanish soldiers! Portuguese promises! Let’s set sail with the grand fleet of Governor-General Juan de Silva as they face down the Dutch.

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References:

Borschberg, Peter (2010). “Luso-Spanish Naval Intervention.” In The Singapore and Malaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century. National University of Singapore Press, 137-156.

Newson, Linda A. (2011). Conquest & Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993). The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern

Period. University of Hawaii Press.

Kadir, Hatib Abdul (2014). “History of the Moluccan’s Cloves as a Global Commodity.” Kawalu: Journal of Local Culture, 1(2).

Valpuesta Villa, Inigo (2022). “Una oportunidad perdida. La gran armada de Juan de Silva en Filipinas (1610-1616).” Obradoiro De Historia Moderna, 31. https://revistas.usc.gal/index.php/ohm/article/view/7771

Laarhoven, Ruurdje, and Wittermans, Elizabeth Pino (1985). “From Blockade to Trade: Early Dutch Relations with Manila, 1600-1750.” Philippine Studies, 33(4), 485-504.

Peterson, Andrew Christian (August 2014). Making the First Global Trade Route: The Southeast Asian Foundations of the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade, 1519-1650. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Hawaii at Manoa.]

From princess to flapper to schoolteacher to rebel, this is the extraordinary story of Tarhata Kiram.

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Charbonneau, Oliver (2021). Civilizational Imperatives: Americans, Moros, and the Colonial World. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Leetaru, Kaleev (2004-2011). “Woman’s Building/Bevier Hall/English Building.” UIHistories Project: A History of the University of Illinois. https://uihistories.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/cview?SITEID=1&ID=80

Vaugh, Miles W. (20 April 1927). “Former Illinois University Co-Ed Aspires to Become Moro Empress.” The Pittsburgh Press. 

Associated Press (7 February 1927). “Moro Chief Abandons Favorite Wife Who Saved Him From His Armed Foes.” Youngstown Vindicator. 

“That Wild Little Sulu Flapper We Couldn’t Tame.” (Author unknown, 27 February 1927) The Sunday Vindicator.  

“Princess Takes Blame For Revolt.” (Author unknown, 7 February 1927). The Telegraph-Herald.

Angeles, Vivienne S.M. (1997). “Philippine Muslim Women: Tradition and Change.” In Islam, Gender, and Social Change (John L. Esposito, Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, eds.). Oxford University Press.

Society Editor (10 September 1920). Caption in “The Social Whirl.” The Afro-American.

“Student Life at Illinois: 1910-1919.” Student Life and Culture Archives, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. https://www.library.illinois.edu/slc/research-education/timeline/1910-1919/

Malcolm, G. A. (1957). American Colonial Careerist. Boston, MA: Christopher Publishing House.

Chua, Xiao (23 May 2013). “Tarhata Kiram: Astig na Prinsesang Muslim.” It’s Xiaotime! https://xiaochua.net/2013/05/23/xiao-time-23-may-2013-tarhata-kiram-astig-na-prinsesang-muslim/

Brainard, Cecilia (2 January 2015). “Philippines: Filipina Muslim Princess Tarhata Kiram.” Travels (and More) with Cecilia Brainard. https://cbrainard.blogspot.com/2015/01/princess-tarhata-kiram.html