The panicked cries of a watchman, the desperate tolling of church bells, the cloud of masts appearing on the horizon. In the coastal towns of colonial Philippines, these can only mean one thing: the slavers have arrived.

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Warren, James Francis (2021). The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State (40th Anniversary Ed.) Ateneo de Manila Press.

Non, Domingo N. (March 1993). “Moro Piracy During the Spanish Period and Its Impact.” Southeast Asian Studies, 30(4).

The first pact signed between the US and the Sulu kingdom! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we discuss Charles Wilkes’ sitdown with the sultan. (Listen to S5E7 before listening to this one!)

The “scientifics” of the so-called Ex Ex summit Mt. Banahaw in 1842, as part of their quest to survey the Philippine archipelago! What does this American scientific expedition find in our islands?

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Wilkes, Charles (1845). Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Lea and Blanchard.

Walsh, Jane (March 2004). “From the Ends of the Earth: The United States Exploring Expedition Collections.” Smithsonian Libraries. https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/learn/Walsh-01.htm

Philbrick, Nathaniel (January 2004). “The Scientific Legacy of the U.S. Exploring Expedition.” Smithsonian Libraries. https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/learn/Philbrick.htm

Gorospe, Vitaliano R. (1992). “Mount Banahaw: The Power Mountain From Ritualism to Spirituality.” Philippine Studies, 40(2), 204-218. 

Somera, Rene D. (1986). “Pamumuwesto of Mount Banahaw.” Philippine Studies, 34(4), 436-451.

Grunes, Marissa (2021). “Ahab and Ishmael in Antarctica: How Charles Wilkes's White Continent Gave Rise to the White Whale.” Leviathan, 23(2), 3-33. 

Frankopan, Peter (2023). The Earth Transformed: An Untold History of the World. Knopf.

The search is on for the legendary mines of the north! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we discuss the early Spanish expeditions to what is now Benguet. (Listen to S5E6 before listening to this one!)

Through extortion, occupation, and “tribute”, the Spanish conquistadors in the Philippines get to work looting and plundering that most precious of all metals: gold. 

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References:

Sitoy, T. Valentino, Jr. (1985). A History of Christianity in the Philippines: The Initial Encounter, Vol. 1. New Day Publishers.

Newson, Linda A. (2011). Conquest & Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Capistrano-Baker, Florina H.; Guy, John; Miksic, John N. (eds.) (2012). Philippine Ancestral Gold. Ayala Foundation and NUS Press.

Estrella, Victor (29 November 2016). “Ancient Tagalog Goldworking Technology from  Fray San Buenaventura’s Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala: Integrating Archaeological, Linguistic, and Ethnohistoric Data.” Hukay, 20, p. 47-78.

“Reply to Fray Rada’s Opinion,” (1574) in In Blair, Emma Helen, and Robertson, James Alexander (eds.), The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 (Vol. 3), Arthur H. Clark Company.

Habana, Olivia M. (2000). “Gold Mining in Benguet to 1898.” Philippine Studies, 48(4), p. 455-487.

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (undated). “Pre-colonial Gold and Pottery Collection.” Museo ng Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. 

Ocampo, Ambeth (17 May 2012). “Living in a golden age.” Inquirer.net https://opinion.inquirer.net/28895/living-in-a-golden-age

“A Golden Discovery in the Philippines.” (11 September 2015). Asia Society. https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/golden-discovery-philippines

Clashes over cowboy country! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we discuss the conflict that raged over this Mindanao province during World War II. (Listen to S5E5 before listening to this one!)

The Bataan Death March is rightly remembered as one of the worst atrocities in the Philippine theater of World War II. But it wasn’t the only death march.

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References:

Frederick Marion Fullerton Collection (AFC/2001/001/15785), Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.

Edgerton, Ronald K. (2009). People of the Middle Ground: A Century of Conflict and Central Mindanao, 1880-1980s. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

“Interview with Benjamin Hagans” (undated). The Digital Collections of the National WWII Museum.

Richard P. Beck Collection (AFC/2001/001/54751), Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.

Congressional Office of Iligan City (21 February 2021). “[LOOK]: "The Iligan Death March :What We Should Know about It” [interview with Roderico Y. Dumaug, Jr.]. Facebook Live.

Donesa, Robert John (2020). “The Mindanao Death March: Establishing a Historical Fact Through Online Research.” International Journal of Innovation, Creativity, and Change, 11(7).

“Richard P. Beck.” [Obituary] (2 December 2007). The Sumter Item.

Disabled American Veterans. “Surviving the Bataan Death March [interview with Lester Tenney].” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPbAd1TUGJA

Witness the rise of the incubated duck egg! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we present a short history of that signature Pinoy dish. (Listen to S5E4 before listening to this one!)

In the 1890s, a wealthy Filipino family sits down to eat a “full Filipino breakfast.” Let’s run down the history of everything on their menu, shall we?

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References:

Doeppers, Daniel (2016). Feeding Manila in Peace and War, 1850-1945. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Legarda, Benito J. (1999). After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change, and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Sta. Maria, Felice Prudente (1991). Pigafetta’s Philippine Picnic: Culinary Encounters During the First Circumnavigation, 1519-1522. National Historical Commission of the Philippines.

Rafael, Vincente (2000). “Foreword.” In Cardenas, Karen Berthelsen (eds.) The Tayabas Chronicles: The Early Years (1886-1907), Anvil Publishing.

“What is ENSO?” National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.weather.gov/mhx/ensowhat

Need labor, lumber, and loads of rice? The Spanish in Manila looked to Pampanga. In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we check in on one of colonial Philippines’ most important provinces. (Listen to S5E3 before listening to this one!)