British and European listeners will probably be familiar with the fact that many European countries developed extensive overseas empires from about 1500 onwards. First the Spanish and Portugese, then the Dutch, then the British, French, German etc. We will discuss these European empires in the next episode. But empires have a much longer history - think back to the Romans, 2000 years ago. At its maximum their empire extended up to Hadrian's wall and down across much of the north African coast and into what is now Turkey. But the Romans are only one example. There was the Mongol empire starting around 1300 that extended at its peak from Mongolia in the east to Belarus and the Baltic states, the Kymer empire in Cambodia, the Mughal empire in India, the Ottoman, the Persian, the Russian and the Chinese empires. Empires come and go, and they also ebb and flow geographically. It seems that almost every empire has an urge to expand geographically to take over neighbouring areas and states. You can't really think about empires without thinking about their geography. And they have a number of key dimensions and legacies: political, economic, social and cultural. Think of the legacy of English, French, Spanish and Portugese language across the globe. Empires and geography are inextricably interwoven.