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A coin in the coffer, a soul released—Tetzel’s famous pitch turned grace into a marketplace. We go straight to the fault line it exposed and still exposes: are we justified by faith plus works, or by faith that works? Walking from the medieval penance and indulgence economy to Wittenberg’s doors, we set the historical stage for a sharper reading of Scripture and then open Romans 3 and James 2 side by side.

We make a crucial distinction that unlocks the tension. Paul speaks to the courtroom of God: justification by faith apart from works silences pride and rests in Christ’s imputed righteousness. James speaks to the watching world: a claim of faith that never feeds the hungry or alters a life is dead on arrival. Before God, faith alone saves. Before people, works alone show that faith is real. Think of it like a newborn’s cry—it doesn’t create life; it proves life exists. That’s how visible obedience functions in authentic Christianity.

Along the way, we revisit Luther’s conversion in Romans, the 95 Theses amplified by the printing press, and the abuses of selling indulgences and venerating relics. Then we hold a steady course through Scripture: the Pharisee and the tax collector in Luke 18, Paul’s “where then is boasting?” and James’s blunt “what use is it?” The goal is clarity without compromise: defend the gospel with Paul against faith plus works, and demonstrate the gospel with James against faith that doesn’t work. You’ll come away with a richer grasp of justification, sanctification, and how to make your faith visible in ordinary acts of love and courage.

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Stephen's latest book, The Disciples Prayer, is available now. https://www.wisdomonline.org/store/view/the-disciples-prayer-hardback