Neural plasticity is a normal property of the nervous system.

In this episode, we look at how practice, learning, exercise, sensory experience, injury, and recovery can change neural function from the peripheral nervous system all the way to the brain.

We cover changes in synaptic strength, potentiation and depression, structural changes at synapses, spinal cord processing, neural networks, cortical maps, and why the type of practice matters.

The key idea: the nervous system is not fixed. Experience can change how strongly it responds, how its connections are organized, and ultimately how we move and behave.

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In this episode, we break down the major neural fiber types and connect their structure to their function. We compare the two major classification systems, examine how diameter and myelination affect conduction speed, and work through A-alpha, A-beta, A-gamma, A-delta, B, and C fibers along with their major receptors and roles in movement, sensation, pain, temperature, and autonomic function.

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⁠⁠Substack⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠

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What happens when a reflex hammer taps the patellar tendon? In this episode, Dustin Hardwick breaks down the stretch reflex from start to finish: tendon tap, muscle spindle, group Ia afferent, spinal cord, alpha motor neuron, and muscle contraction. Along the way, he reviews fiber types, conduction velocity, reciprocal inhibition, reflex latency, and how the stretch reflex compares with the withdrawal reflex. A concise overview for anyone studying movement science, neuroscience, kinesiology, or physical therapy.

Links:

⁠Website⁠

⁠Substack⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠

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Season 3 begins with a big-picture look at the motor system from the decision to move all the way to muscle force production. We trace movement through the cortex, corticospinal tract, spinal cord, motor units, and neuromuscular junction, then finish with how the nervous system grades force through rate coding and motor unit recruitment. This episode serves as the roadmap for the nervous system, motor control, and motor learning topics we’ll explore throughout the season.

Links:

⁠Website⁠

⁠Substack⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠

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Season 2, Episode 11 — How the hand creates grip, precision, and fine motor control.

In this episode of The Movement PhD, Dr. Dustin Hardwick reviews the anatomy and mechanics of the hand, including carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges, and key joints. We explore thumb mechanics, finger arthrokinematics, intrinsic muscle function, and how grip strength is optimized through coordinated motion and positioning.

Links:

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Substack⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ (Slides with transcripts available)

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Season 2, Episode 10 : How the forearm and wrist position the hand and transmit force.

In this episode, Dr. Dustin Hardwick reviews the anatomy and mechanics of the forearm and wrist, including the radioulnar joints, interosseous membrane, and TFCC. We explore pronation and supination, wrist arthrokinematics, muscle function, and how forces are transmitted from the hand to the upper arm.

Links:

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Substack⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ (Slides with transcripts available)

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This is Season 2, Episode 9: Understanding elbow mechanics, force transmission, and muscle function.

In this episode, Dr. Dustin Hardwick reviews the elbow as a three-joint complex and explores how ligaments, arthrokinematics, and muscle function contribute to flexion, extension, pronation, and supination. We also examine force transmission through the forearm and how joint position influences torque production.

Links:

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Substack⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ (Slides with transcripts available)

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In this episode of The Movement PhD, Dr. Dustin Hardwick brings together the key concepts from the shoulder unit to explain how scapular and glenohumeral mechanics integrate during overhead motion.

We review scapulohumeral rhythm, rotator cuff stabilization, and the role of scapular force couples before analyzing common dysfunctional patterns such as scapular downward rotation, excessive protraction, and scapular winging.

Links:

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Substack⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ (Slides with transcripts available)

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Welcome to The Movement PhD!This is Season 2, Episode 7: The Shoulder: Muscles, Movement, and StabilizationIn this episode, Dr. Dustin Hardwick reviews the scapulothoracic and glenohumeral muscles that produce and stabilize shoulder motion. We explore trapezius and serratus force couples, rotator cuff mechanics, deltoid interaction, dependent arm stability, and the biomechanics of scapulohumeral rhythm.

Links:

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Substack⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ (Slides with transcripts available)

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Welcome to The Movement PhD!
This is Season 2, Episode 6: The Shoulder: Anatomy and Arthrokinematics

In this episode, Dr. Dustin Hardwick reviews the anatomy of the shoulder complex, including the scapula, clavicle, humerus, and the SC, AC, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral joints. We explore anatomy, osteokinematics, arthrokinematics, scapular movements, important structures, and capsular patterns of the shoulder.

Links:

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Substack⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ (Slides with transcripts available)

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