What happens in our forests when no one is watching? The answer matters more than you might think. In this enlightening conversation with Monika Patel, President and CEO of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Canada, we journey into the world of sustainable forestry certification and discover how a small symbol on your paper products connects to a global movement for forest protection.

Monika shares the fascinating origin story of FSC, born from the disappointment of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit when a diverse coalition of concerned citizens, from environmentalists to industry representatives, decided to create their own market-based solution to combat deforestation. Their vision? A certification system that would allow consumers to choose products from responsibly managed forests, creating economic incentives for sustainable practices.

We explore how FSC certification works through its dual approach: forest management certification that ensures forests meet the ten principles of responsible stewardship, and chain of custody certification that tracks products throughout the supply chain. With approximately 46 million hectares certified across Canada (17 million in Ontario alone), FSC's impact extends from industrial forests to community woodlands and even maple syrup operations.

The conversation delves into practical challenges facing modern forestry—from balancing moose and caribou habitat needs to addressing forest fires, pine beetle infestations, and climate change adaptation. Monica explains how FSC is embracing innovative solutions, including blockchain technology for supply chain traceability and exploring how certified forests might contribute to Canada's "30 by 30" conservation goals.

Want to support healthy forests? Look for the FSC logo—a check mark with a tree—on products you purchase. This simple consumer choice sends a powerful message through the supply chain and helps ensure our forests remain "for all, forever."

Strange wildlife encounters close to home can remind us of our complex relationship with the natural world. Jerry Ouellette opens this episode with a startling story about a raccoon that boldly entered his house by following his dog through the back door, leading to concerns about potential disease transmission and a late-night veterinary visit.

This unexpected encounter perfectly sets up our fascinating conversation with Dr. David Galbraith, Director of Science at the Royal Botanical Gardens (RBG) in Hamilton, Ontario. Dr. Galbraith brings decades of expertise in wildlife biology to his role, having spent years researching turtle populations in Algonquin Park before joining RBG over 30 years ago. His insights on turtle longevity reveal the remarkable fact that some snapping turtles could easily be a century old—creatures that might have "said hi to Champlain as he paddled by."

The Royal Botanical Gardens itself emerges as a remarkable conservation success story spanning nearly a century. Founded through the vision of Thomas Baker McQuiston in the 1920s and granted royal designation by King George V in 1930, RBG now encompasses over 2,100 acres of diverse habitats. Dr. Galbraith details their innovative approaches to managing invasive species like carp and phragmites, including a pioneering "fish filter" system and creative use of old Christmas trees to create wetland berms. Their prairie restoration efforts, complete with controlled burns, demonstrate how careful management can bring back lost habitats and endangered species.

Beyond its scientific importance, RBG offers visitors a remarkable range of experiences throughout the seasons—from lilac gardens and woodland trails to winter exhibits and natural skating on Coots Paradise Marsh. At just an hour's drive from Toronto, this natural treasure provides both recreational opportunities and vital ecosystem services to the densely populated Golden Horseshoe region.

Ready to explore this natural wonder yourself? Visit rbg.ca to learn about upcoming events, seasonal blooms, and conservation projects that you can witness firsthand. Whether you're a passionate naturalist, a casual garden enthusiast, or simply seeking a peaceful retreat from urban life, the Royal Botanical Gardens offers a perfect blend of beauty, science, and natural inspiration.

From the edge of extinction to the heart of wetland conservation, Dr. Sue Carstairs is leading a revolution in turtle rescue and rehabilitation at the Ontario Turtle Conservation Centre. As veterinarian and executive director, she's transformed this humble organization into Canada's only dedicated turtle hospital, saving thousands of these ancient creatures each year.

The numbers are staggering – 2,300 injured turtles admitted last year alone and 9,000 eggs incubated from injured mothers. From their newly-built facility in Peterborough, Dr. Carstairs and her team orchestrate a province-wide rescue network with 1,500 volunteer "turtle taxis" and 50 first-responder veterinarians. It's a race against time to save creatures that have survived 200 million years but now face unprecedented threats from roads, habitat loss, and illegal collection.

What makes this work so crucial is the unique life history of turtles. A snapping turtle must live 50-60 years just to replace itself in the population. Every adult saved has a measurable impact on conservation. These aren't just fascinating creatures – they're essential components of healthy wetlands that filter our drinking water and prevent flooding. When we save turtles, we're protecting ecosystems that sustain all life.

The Centre's work goes beyond rescue – they're pioneering education programs, collecting vital research data, and inspiring a new generation of conservationists. Learn how you can help these remarkable creatures that can regenerate spinal cords, survive with almost no oxygen, and carry the wisdom of 200 million years of evolution in their DNA. Visit ontarioturtle.ca to discover how you can join this extraordinary effort to protect Ontario's eight at-risk turtle species for generations to come.

The natural world offers powerful reminders of its force as Northern Ontario faces rising floodwaters that threaten roads, homes, and infrastructure. Pierre Gagnon joins Jerry Ouellette for a captivating conversation about rural resilience across Canada, sharing firsthand accounts of a region underwater and the delicate balance between community safety and water management.

Pierre paints a vivid picture of his community west of Timmins, where roads normally protected from flooding now sit six inches underwater. With snow still lingering in forest shadows and a sinkhole already claiming a section of highway, locals worry this flood could rival the devastating 1996 event that completely washed out roads. The Ministry of Natural Resources faces tough decisions—open the dams and flood towns, or close them and submerge lakeside properties. 

The conversation shifts to Pierre's recent month-long journey to British Columbia's Cortez Island, revealing a fascinating glimpse into another face of rural Canadian life. This coastal community presents striking contrasts: million-dollar vacation homes sit near modest trailers, while residents joke about "shoveling fog off docks." Pierre shares experiences helping his half-brother build a house foundation using massive Pacific Coast timber and repurposed construction materials, demonstrating the resourcefulness that defines life in remote communities.

Throughout their discussion, Jerry and Pierre explore evolving rural industries—from automated logging operations that have consolidated forestry jobs to community-based initiatives that could revitalize small northern towns. They also touch on drone technology for woodlot management, garden planning despite challenging weather, and the continued importance of mining exploration with gold prices exceeding $3,000 per ounce.

Subscribe now to hear more authentic conversations that capture the spirit, challenges, and unexpected joys of life under the canopy. Leave a review to share how these stories of rural resilience have inspired your connection to nature and community.

Dr. Alfredo Justo, curator of botany and mycology at the New Brunswick Museum, unveils the mysterious world beneath our feet - the vast, largely undocumented kingdom of fungi. With backgrounds spanning Spain, the United States, and now Canada, Dr. Justo brings a wealth of expertise to our discussion about the cutting edge of fungal research.

Unlike plants and animals, fungi remain largely enigmatic because we rarely see the actual organisms themselves - only their fruiting bodies (mushrooms) that occasionally emerge. This fundamental challenge has left mycology decades behind other biological sciences. As Dr. Justo explains, studying fungi is like trying to understand plants by only examining their fruits, never seeing the plants themselves.

The conversation explores how DNA sequencing has revolutionized the field, allowing researchers to identify species with unprecedented accuracy. Through initiatives like the Fungal Diversity Survey (FunDIS) and MicroMap Atlantic Canada, scientists and citizen researchers are collaborating to document North America's fungal diversity. With over 70,000 mushroom specimens DNA barcoded so far, we're just beginning to understand the scope of fungal biodiversity.

Beyond taxonomy, we delve into fungi's remarkable potential applications. From mycorrhizal relationships that enhance forest health to bioremediation of contaminated soils, from pre-inoculated trees that produce edible mushrooms to promising medical compounds like those found in chaga and lion's mane, fungi offer solutions to some of our most pressing challenges.

Whether you're a nature enthusiast curious about participating in citizen science, an entrepreneur seeking innovative business opportunities, or simply someone fascinated by the natural world, this episode reveals how fungi connect all living systems. Connect with your local mycological society to join this growing community of mushroom enthusiasts making significant contributions to scientific understanding.

The world awakens in layers. As winter reluctantly loosens its grip, a fascinating transition period emerges where maple trees release their sweet sap, wild edibles push through the forest floor, and outdoor enthusiasts must balance excitement for new opportunities with awareness of emerging challenges.

Jerry and Garrett Ouellette expertly guide listeners through this seasonal transformation, sharing both scientific knowledge and generations of practical woodland wisdom. Their conversation reveals the hidden rhythms that govern nature's calendar – from the precise moment maple sap becomes syrup (exactly seven degrees above water's boiling point) to the unexpected relationship between trilliums and wild leeks growing in the same soil conditions.

Beyond mere observation, this episode offers practical insights for anyone venturing outdoors during this transitional time. Learn why birch syrup requires twice the sap as maple (an astounding 80:1 ratio), how tap holes create fascinating growth patterns in trees that resemble topographical maps, and essential safety protocols as tick season begins. The father-son dynamic brings warmth to discussions ranging from chiropractor visits for wilderness-related injuries to traditional methods for preparing foraged delicacies like fiddleheads and wild leeks.

Whether you're a dedicated forager, firewood harvester, or simply someone who appreciates nature's intricate systems, this episode captures that magical moment when the natural world pivots from dormancy to vibrant life. Subscribe now to join our growing community of outdoor enthusiasts learning to live in harmony with nature's cycles.

The fate of North America's most valuable freshwater system rests in the hands of dedicated scientists working across political boundaries. Greg McClinchey from the Great Lakes Fishery Commission returns to Under the Canopy to reveal the fascinating story of how this binational organization has battled invasive sea lamprey for nearly 70 years while coordinating fisheries management across multiple jurisdictions.

Greg reveals the remarkable impact these parasitic invaders have had on Great Lakes ecosystems. Each sea lamprey consumes approximately 40 pounds of fish during its lifetime, while females produce around 100,000 eggs. Left unchecked for just 3-5 years, these invaders would collapse fish stocks throughout the basin. Through dedicated control efforts using targeted lampricides in tributary streams, the Commission has reduced lamprey populations by about 90% from their peak.

The conversation takes unexpected turns, including the surprising story of how lamprey from the Great Lakes became part of a royal pie for Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee when lamprey couldn't be harvested from their native English waters due to conservation concerns. While European lamprey are considered delicacies, Greg explains why Great Lakes lamprey are unsafe for human consumption due to accumulated heavy metals.

We explore cutting-edge science initiatives like the Great Lakes Acoustic Telemetry Observation System (GLATOS), which tracks fish movements throughout the lakes, and the potential for mass-marking hatchery fish. Most impressively, Greg shares news that lake trout populations in Lake Superior have been fully restored – a landmark conservation achievement after decades of work.

What stands out most is how this international organization maintains unanimous, science-based decision-making even during periods of political tension between the U.S. and Canada. The Great Lakes Fishery Commission stands as a model for how shared commitment to natural resources can transcend politics to achieve remarkable conservation outcomes.

Professor James A. Scott takes us on a mind-expanding journey through the invisible world of microorganisms that profoundly shape our health from birth through adulthood. As an expert from the University of Toronto's Dalla Lana School of Public Health specializing in biological hazards, Scott reveals how the first 100 days of a baby's life represent a critical window when their gut microbiome—the complex community of bacteria living in our digestive systems—establishes itself and essentially "trains" their immune system.

The conversation challenges much of what we thought we knew about cleanliness and health. Scott explains how our modern obsession with sterilizing environments may actually contribute to rising rates of allergies and asthma. Surprisingly, exposures to certain microbes early in life appear protective rather than harmful.

This fascinating episode also delves into Scott's work preserving one of the world's most important fungal biobanks—a collection of approximately 15,000 living fungal strains, some dating back to the 1880s, including historically significant specimens like Alexander Fleming's original penicillin-producing mold. Despite its irreplaceable scientific value, this biological treasure trove faces an uncertain future due to funding challenges, highlighting the precarious nature of preserving biodiversity for future medical discoveries.

Whether you're a parent curious about giving your child the healthiest start in life, someone struggling with allergies or immune issues, or simply fascinated by how our microscopic companions influence our wellbeing, this episode will transform how you think about the relationship between humans and microorganisms. Subscribe now to explore more hidden wonders of the natural world with Under the Canopy.

The forest canopy above us holds secrets most people never notice—miniature ecosystems thriving on tree trunks that tell profound stories about our changing world. In this eye-opening conversation with Dr. Yolanda Wiersma, professor of biology at Memorial University in Newfoundland, we venture into the fascinating realm of landscape ecology and lichen biodiversity.

Dr. Wiersma introduces us to landscape ecology—a discipline studying interactions between living things and their environments at scales visible from airplane windows. From the rolling hills and forests to human developments cutting across them, these patterns shape everything living beneath the canopy. Her work bridges traditional scientific approaches with Indigenous knowledge, leading to remarkable discoveries in unexpected places.

The heart of our discussion revolves around lichens—organisms far more complex than most realize. These aren't single lifeforms but miniaturized ecosystems combining fungi, algae, and sometimes bacteria from three different kingdoms. Dr. Wiersma's passion shines as she describes how these slow-growing organisms "eat the air" through photosynthesis while producing hundreds of unique chemical compounds, some with antimicrobial properties so effective that birds line their nests with them to protect vulnerable chicks.

Perhaps most surprising is Dr. Wiersma's discovery of a lichen biodiversity hotspot in central Newfoundland—an area previously overlooked by scientists until a member of the Qalipu First Nation reached out with photographs of rare specimens. This collaboration led to documenting 175 species in a region not previously known for lichen diversity, highlighting how traditional knowledge enriches scientific understanding.

Whether you're a nature enthusiast, someone curious about the hidden workings of our forest ecosystems, or simply appreciate learning about overlooked wonders in our natural world, this conversation will transform how you see the trees around you. Listen now to discover the miniature worlds thriving silently above our heads and what they can teach us about our changing planet.

Dr. Matthias Bierenstiel shares how ancient Mi'kmaq knowledge about birch bark medicine combined with modern chemistry is transforming skin care and challenging Western approaches to medicine.

• Dr. Bierenstiel, a chemistry professor at Cape Breton University, partnered with Mi'kmaq Studies professor Tuma Young to research traditional birch bark extract
• The collaboration uses "two-eyed seeing" methodology, combining indigenous knowledge with scientific analysis
• The knowledge was nearly lost - rescued from just two Mi'kmaq elders who remembered a story about a nursing mother healed in the 1920s
• Chemical analysis reveals over 200 compounds working together as a "symphony" rather than single active ingredients
• The extract shows remarkable effectiveness for skin conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and even poison ivy
• Traditional extraction methods involving fire were critical - lab replications initially failed until they mimicked the earth's thermal protection
• Only outer layers of paper birch bark are harvested sustainably without harming trees
• The research led to founding Masqueomi, a small company selling creams and soaps with the community's blessing
• Current products are sold under cosmetic licensing while research continues toward natural health product certification

Visit  http://www.maskwiomin.com/ and use code CANOPY for 20% off 50-gram creams until April 10, 2025. Check out the CBC Land and Sea documentary "Mi'kmaq Medicines" to learn more about this project.