For centuries, popes were far more than spiritual leaders. They negotiated treaties, crowned rulers, excommunicated kings, and sometimes reshaped European politics. But when did the papacy reach the height of its political power? Why did that power decline? And why do modern popes still find themselves at odds with political leaders—from Henry VIII to today's presidents? Historian Roger Collins traces nearly two thousand years of papal history to explain how the relationship between the papacy and political power has continually evolved.

🚩About My Guest Scholars:

Dr. Roger Collins is a professor of medieval Eurasian history at the University of Edinburgh.

He is the author of "Keepers of the Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy" - a book that guides much of our discussion in this episode.

His other books include:

• "Chased By Bulldogs: A Historian's Tale"
• "Charlemagne"
• "Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796-1031"
• "Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000"
• "The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710-797"

🚩Related Interviews:

—Dr. Roger Collins: History of the Papacy (S5E23)

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host & producer

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